Generic Operating System Services - Python 3.12.0a3 documentation 编辑

The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces, but they are available on most other systems as well. Here’s an overview:

• os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  • File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables
  • Python UTF-8 Mode
  • Process Parameters
  • File Object Creation
  • File Descriptor Operations
    • Querying the size of a terminal
    • Inheritance of File Descriptors
  • Files and Directories
    • Linux extended attributes
  • Process Management
  • Interface to the scheduler
  • Miscellaneous System Information
  • Random numbers
• io — Core tools for working with streams
  • Overview
    • Text I/O
    • Binary I/O
    • Raw I/O
  • Text Encoding
    • Opt-in EncodingWarning
  • High-level Module Interface
  • Class hierarchy
    • I/O Base Classes
    • Raw File I/O
    • Buffered Streams
    • Text I/O
  • Performance
    • Binary I/O
    • Text I/O
    • Multi-threading
    • Reentrancy
• time — Time access and conversions
  • Functions
  • Clock ID Constants
  • Timezone Constants
• argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
  • Core Functionality
  • Quick Links for add_argument()
  • Example
    • Creating a parser
    • Adding arguments
    • Parsing arguments
  • ArgumentParser objects
    • prog
    • usage
    • description
    • epilog
    • parents
    • formatter_class
    • prefix_chars
    • fromfile_prefix_chars
    • argument_default
    • allow_abbrev
    • conflict_handler
    • add_help
    • exit_on_error
  • The add_argument() method
    • name or flags
    • action
    • nargs
    • const
    • default
    • type
    • choices
    • required
    • help
    • metavar
    • dest
    • Action classes
  • The parse_args() method
    • Option value syntax
    • Invalid arguments
    • Arguments containing -
    • Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)
    • Beyond sys.argv
    • The Namespace object
  • Other utilities
    • Sub-commands
    • FileType objects
    • Argument groups
    • Mutual exclusion
    • Parser defaults
    • Printing help
    • Partial parsing
    • Customizing file parsing
    • Exiting methods
    • Intermixed parsing
  • Upgrading optparse code
• getopt — C-style parser for command line options
• logging — Logging facility for Python
  • Logger Objects
  • Logging Levels
  • Handler Objects
  • Formatter Objects
  • Filter Objects
  • LogRecord Objects
  • LogRecord attributes
  • LoggerAdapter Objects
  • Thread Safety
  • Module-Level Functions
  • Module-Level Attributes
  • Integration with the warnings module
• logging.config — Logging configuration
  • Configuration functions
  • Security considerations
  • Configuration dictionary schema
    • Dictionary Schema Details
    • Incremental Configuration
    • Object connections
    • User-defined objects
    • Access to external objects
    • Access to internal objects
    • Import resolution and custom importers
    • Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener
  • Configuration file format
• logging.handlers — Logging handlers
  • StreamHandler
  • FileHandler
  • NullHandler
  • WatchedFileHandler
  • BaseRotatingHandler
  • RotatingFileHandler
  • TimedRotatingFileHandler
  • SocketHandler
  • DatagramHandler
  • SysLogHandler
  • NTEventLogHandler
  • SMTPHandler
  • MemoryHandler
  • HTTPHandler
  • QueueHandler
  • QueueListener
• getpass — Portable password input
• curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  • Functions
  • Window Objects
  • Constants
• curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
  • Textbox objects
• curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
• curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
  • Functions
  • Panel Objects
• platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
  • Cross Platform
  • Java Platform
  • Windows Platform
  • macOS Platform
  • Unix Platforms
  • Linux Platforms
• errno — Standard errno system symbols
• ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
  • ctypes tutorial
    • Loading dynamic link libraries
    • Accessing functions from loaded dlls
    • Calling functions
    • Fundamental data types
    • Calling functions, continued
    • Calling varadic functions
    • Calling functions with your own custom data types
    • Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
    • Return types
    • Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
    • Structures and unions
    • Structure/union alignment and byte order
    • Bit fields in structures and unions
    • Arrays
    • Pointers
    • Type conversions
    • Incomplete Types
    • Callback functions
    • Accessing values exported from dlls
    • Surprises
    • Variable-sized data types
  • ctypes reference
    • Finding shared libraries
    • Loading shared libraries
    • Foreign functions
    • Function prototypes
    • Utility functions
    • Data types
    • Fundamental data types
    • Structured data types
    • Arrays and pointers