10.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons - Python 2.7.18 documentation 编辑

Source code: Lib/filecmp.py

The filecmp module defines functions to compare files and directories, with various optional time/correctness trade-offs. For comparing files, see also the difflib module.

The filecmp module defines the following functions:

filecmp.cmp(f1, f2[, shallow])

Compare the files named f1 and f2, returning True if they seem equal, False otherwise.

Unless shallow is given and is false, files with identical os.stat() signatures are taken to be equal.

Files that were compared using this function will not be compared again unless their os.stat() signature changes.

Note that no external programs are called from this function, giving it portability and efficiency.

filecmp.cmpfiles(dir1, dir2, common[, shallow])

Compare the files in the two directories dir1 and dir2 whose names are given by common.

Returns three lists of file names: match, mismatch, errors. match contains the list of files that match, mismatch contains the names of those that don’t, and errors lists the names of files which could not be compared. Files are listed in errors if they don’t exist in one of the directories, the user lacks permission to read them or if the comparison could not be done for some other reason.

The shallow parameter has the same meaning and default value as for filecmp.cmp().

For example, cmpfiles('a', 'b', ['c', 'd/e']) will compare a/c with b/c and a/d/e with b/d/e. 'c' and 'd/e' will each be in one of the three returned lists.

Example:

>>> import filecmp
>>> filecmp.cmp('undoc.rst', 'undoc.rst') 
True
>>> filecmp.cmp('undoc.rst', 'index.rst') 
False

10.5.1. The dircmp class

dircmp instances are built using this constructor:

class filecmp.dircmp(a, b[, ignore[, hide]])

Construct a new directory comparison object, to compare the directories a and b. ignore is a list of names to ignore, and defaults to ['RCS', 'CVS', 'tags']. hide is a list of names to hide, and defaults to [os.curdir, os.pardir].

The dircmp class compares files by doing shallow comparisons as described for filecmp.cmp().

The dircmp class provides the following methods:

report()

Print (to sys.stdout) a comparison between a and b.

report_partial_closure()

Print a comparison between a and b and common immediate subdirectories.

report_full_closure()

Print a comparison between a and b and common subdirectories (recursively).

The dircmp class offers a number of interesting attributes that may be used to get various bits of information about the directory trees being compared.

Note that via __getattr__() hooks, all attributes are computed lazily, so there is no speed penalty if only those attributes which are lightweight to compute are used.

left

The directory a.

right

The directory b.

left_list

Files and subdirectories in a, filtered by hide and ignore.

right_list

Files and subdirectories in b, filtered by hide and ignore.

common

Files and subdirectories in both a and b.

left_only

Files and subdirectories only in a.

right_only

Files and subdirectories only in b.

common_dirs

Subdirectories in both a and b.

common_files

Files in both a and b

common_funny

Names in both a and b, such that the type differs between the directories, or names for which os.stat() reports an error.

same_files

Files which are identical in both a and b, using the class’s file comparison operator.

diff_files

Files which are in both a and b, whose contents differ according to the class’s file comparison operator.

funny_files

Files which are in both a and b, but could not be compared.

subdirs

A dictionary mapping names in common_dirs to dircmp objects.

Here is a simplified example of using the subdirs attribute to search recursively through two directories to show common different files:

>>> from filecmp import dircmp
>>> def print_diff_files(dcmp):
...     for name in dcmp.diff_files:
...         print "diff_file %s found in %s and %s" % (name, dcmp.left,
...               dcmp.right)
...     for sub_dcmp in dcmp.subdirs.values():
...         print_diff_files(sub_dcmp)
...
>>> dcmp = dircmp('dir1', 'dir2') 
>>> print_diff_files(dcmp)