**(双星/星号)和 *(星/星号)对参数有什么作用?

发布于 2025-02-13 11:26:54 字数 321 浏览 1 评论 0 原文

*Args ** Kwargs 在这些功能定义中的意思是什么?

def foo(x, y, *args):
    pass

def bar(x, y, **kwargs):
    pass

参见在函数呼叫中是什么**(double star/asterisk)和 *(star/asterisk)的含义?关于参数的互补问题。

What do *args and **kwargs mean in these function definitions?

def foo(x, y, *args):
    pass

def bar(x, y, **kwargs):
    pass

See What do ** (double star/asterisk) and * (star/asterisk) mean in a function call? for the complementary question about arguments.

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三月梨花 2025-02-20 11:26:55

* ** 在函数参数列表中具有特殊用法。 *
暗示该参数是列表, ** 表示该参数
是词典。这允许函数进行任意数量
争论

* and ** have special usage in the function argument list. *
implies that the argument is a list and ** implies that the argument
is a dictionary. This allows functions to take arbitrary number of
arguments

心房的律动 2025-02-20 11:26:55

对于那些以例子学习的人!

  1. *的目的是使您能够定义一个函数,该函数可以将提供的参数作为列表(例如 f(*myList))。
  2. ** 的目的是通过提供字典来赋予您喂养函数论点的能力(例如 f(** {'x':1,'y':2}) )。

让我们通过定义一个函数来显示这一点,该函数采用两个普通变量 x y ,并且可以接受更多的参数为 myargs ,并且可以接受甚至接受更多参数为 mykw 。稍后,我们将使用 myargdict y 喂食。

def f(x, y, *myArgs, **myKW):
    print("# x      = {}".format(x))
    print("# y      = {}".format(y))
    print("# myArgs = {}".format(myArgs))
    print("# myKW   = {}".format(myKW))
    print("# ----------------------------------------------------------------------")

# Define a list for demonstration purposes
myList    = ["Left", "Right", "Up", "Down"]
# Define a dictionary for demonstration purposes
myDict    = {"Wubba": "lubba", "Dub": "dub"}
# Define a dictionary to feed y
myArgDict = {'y': "Why?", 'y0': "Why not?", "q": "Here is a cue!"}

# The 1st elem of myList feeds y
f("myEx", *myList, **myDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = Left
# myArgs = ('Right', 'Up', 'Down')
# myKW   = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# y is matched and fed first
# The rest of myArgDict becomes additional arguments feeding myKW
f("myEx", **myArgDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = Why?
# myArgs = ()
# myKW   = {'y0': 'Why not?', 'q': 'Here is a cue!'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# The rest of myArgDict becomes additional arguments feeding myArgs
f("myEx", *myArgDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = y
# myArgs = ('y0', 'q')
# myKW   = {}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Feed extra arguments manually and append even more from my list
f("myEx", 4, 42, 420, *myList, *myDict, **myDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = 4
# myArgs = (42, 420, 'Left', 'Right', 'Up', 'Down', 'Wubba', 'Dub')
# myKW   = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Without the stars, the entire provided list and dict become x, and y:
f(myList, myDict)
# x      = ['Left', 'Right', 'Up', 'Down']
# y      = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# myArgs = ()
# myKW   = {}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

caveats

  1. ** 专门用于词典。
  2. 非观点论点分配首先发生。
  3. 您不能两次使用非选举参数。
  4. 如果适用, ** 必须始终以*的形式出现。

For those of you who learn by examples!

  1. The purpose of * is to give you the ability to define a function that can take an arbitrary number of arguments provided as a list (e.g. f(*myList) ).
  2. The purpose of ** is to give you the ability to feed a function's arguments by providing a dictionary (e.g. f(**{'x' : 1, 'y' : 2}) ).

Let us show this by defining a function that takes two normal variables x, y, and can accept more arguments as myArgs, and can accept even more arguments as myKW. Later, we will show how to feed y using myArgDict.

def f(x, y, *myArgs, **myKW):
    print("# x      = {}".format(x))
    print("# y      = {}".format(y))
    print("# myArgs = {}".format(myArgs))
    print("# myKW   = {}".format(myKW))
    print("# ----------------------------------------------------------------------")

# Define a list for demonstration purposes
myList    = ["Left", "Right", "Up", "Down"]
# Define a dictionary for demonstration purposes
myDict    = {"Wubba": "lubba", "Dub": "dub"}
# Define a dictionary to feed y
myArgDict = {'y': "Why?", 'y0': "Why not?", "q": "Here is a cue!"}

# The 1st elem of myList feeds y
f("myEx", *myList, **myDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = Left
# myArgs = ('Right', 'Up', 'Down')
# myKW   = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# y is matched and fed first
# The rest of myArgDict becomes additional arguments feeding myKW
f("myEx", **myArgDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = Why?
# myArgs = ()
# myKW   = {'y0': 'Why not?', 'q': 'Here is a cue!'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# The rest of myArgDict becomes additional arguments feeding myArgs
f("myEx", *myArgDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = y
# myArgs = ('y0', 'q')
# myKW   = {}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Feed extra arguments manually and append even more from my list
f("myEx", 4, 42, 420, *myList, *myDict, **myDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = 4
# myArgs = (42, 420, 'Left', 'Right', 'Up', 'Down', 'Wubba', 'Dub')
# myKW   = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Without the stars, the entire provided list and dict become x, and y:
f(myList, myDict)
# x      = ['Left', 'Right', 'Up', 'Down']
# y      = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# myArgs = ()
# myKW   = {}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Caveats

  1. ** is exclusively reserved for dictionaries.
  2. Non-optional argument assignment happens first.
  3. You cannot use a non-optional argument twice.
  4. If applicable, ** must come after *, always.
自控 2025-02-20 11:26:55

从Python文档中:

如果存在比正式参数插槽更多的位置参数,则会提出类型的异常,除非存在使用语法“*标识符”的形式参数;在这种情况下,正式参数会收到一个包含过多位置参数的元组(如果没有过多的位置参数,则为空元组)。

如果任何关键字参数与形式的参数名称不符,则会提高typeError异常,除非存在使用语法“ **标识符”的形式参数;在这种情况下,正式参数会收到包含多余关键字参数的字典(使用关键字作为键,而参数值作为相应的值),或者如果没有多余的关键字参数,则(新的)空词典。

From the Python documentation:

If there are more positional arguments than there are formal parameter slots, a TypeError exception is raised, unless a formal parameter using the syntax "*identifier" is present; in this case, that formal parameter receives a tuple containing the excess positional arguments (or an empty tuple if there were no excess positional arguments).

If any keyword argument does not correspond to a formal parameter name, a TypeError exception is raised, unless a formal parameter using the syntax "**identifier" is present; in this case, that formal parameter receives a dictionary containing the excess keyword arguments (using the keywords as keys and the argument values as corresponding values), or a (new) empty dictionary if there were no excess keyword arguments.

つ可否回来 2025-02-20 11:26:55

*表示接收变量参数为元组

** 表示接收变量参数为

以下内容的字典:

1)单*

def foo(*args):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg)

foo("two", 3)

output:

two
3

2)现在 **

def bar(**kwargs):
    for key in kwargs:
        print(key, kwargs[key])

bar(dic1="two", dic2=3)

输出:

dic1 two
dic2 3

* means receive variable arguments as tuple

** means receive variable arguments as dictionary

Used like the following:

1) single *

def foo(*args):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg)

foo("two", 3)

Output:

two
3

2) Now **

def bar(**kwargs):
    for key in kwargs:
        print(key, kwargs[key])

bar(dic1="two", dic2=3)

Output:

dic1 two
dic2 3
你与清晨阳光 2025-02-20 11:26:55

在Python 3.5中,您还可以在 list dict tuple set> set 显示中使用此语法有时称为文字)。请参阅 pep 488:其他解开概括

>>> (0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8))
(0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7)
>>> [0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8)]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
>>> {0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8)}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7}
>>> d = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}
>>> e = {'six': 6, 'seven': 7}
>>> {'zero': 0, **d, 'five': 5, **e}
{'five': 5, 'seven': 7, 'two': 2, 'one': 1, 'three': 3, 'six': 6, 'zero': 0}

它还允许在单个功能调用中解开多个迭代。

>>> range(*[1, 10], *[2])
range(1, 10, 2)

(感谢Mgilson的Pep链接。)

In Python 3.5, you can also use this syntax in list, dict, tuple, and set displays (also sometimes called literals). See PEP 488: Additional Unpacking Generalizations.

>>> (0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8))
(0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7)
>>> [0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8)]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
>>> {0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8)}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7}
>>> d = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}
>>> e = {'six': 6, 'seven': 7}
>>> {'zero': 0, **d, 'five': 5, **e}
{'five': 5, 'seven': 7, 'two': 2, 'one': 1, 'three': 3, 'six': 6, 'zero': 0}

It also allows multiple iterables to be unpacked in a single function call.

>>> range(*[1, 10], *[2])
range(1, 10, 2)

(Thanks to mgilson for the PEP link.)

静水深流 2025-02-20 11:26:55

tl; dr IT

包装参数将函数传递到 list dict 内部内部的内部。当您定义这样的函数签名时:

def func(*args, **kwds):
    # do stuff

可以使用任何数量的参数和关键字参数调用。非关键字参数被包装到功能正文内的名为 args 的列表中,关键字参数被包装到函数主体内的dict kwds 中。

func("this", "is a list of", "non-keyowrd", "arguments", keyword="ligma", options=[1,2,3])

现在在函数主体内,当调用函数时,有两个局部变量, args ,它是具有值 [“ this”,“”的列表,是“,”非 - 关键字“,”参数”] kwds dict 具有value {“ keyword”:“ ligma”,“ ligma”,“ options”: [1,2,3]}


这也相反,即从呼叫者侧。例如,如果您的函数定义为:

def f(a, b, c, d=1, e=10):
    # do stuff

您可以通过打开通话范围中的迭代或映射来调用它:

iterable = [1, 20, 500]
mapping = {"d" : 100, "e": 3}
f(*iterable, **mapping)
# That call is equivalent to
f(1, 20, 500, d=100, e=3)

TL;DR

It packs arguments passed to the function into list and dict respectively inside the function body. When you define a function signature like this:

def func(*args, **kwds):
    # do stuff

it can be called with any number of arguments and keyword arguments. The non-keyword arguments get packed into a list called args inside the function body and the keyword arguments get packed into a dict called kwds inside the function body.

func("this", "is a list of", "non-keyowrd", "arguments", keyword="ligma", options=[1,2,3])

now inside the function body, when the function is called, there are two local variables, args which is a list having value ["this", "is a list of", "non-keyword", "arguments"] and kwds which is a dict having value {"keyword" : "ligma", "options" : [1,2,3]}


This also works in reverse, i.e. from the caller side. for example if you have a function defined as:

def f(a, b, c, d=1, e=10):
    # do stuff

you can call it with by unpacking iterables or mappings you have in the calling scope:

iterable = [1, 20, 500]
mapping = {"d" : 100, "e": 3}
f(*iterable, **mapping)
# That call is equivalent to
f(1, 20, 500, d=100, e=3)
記柔刀 2025-02-20 11:26:55

我想举一个尚未提及

*的示例 *也可以解开A Generator

python3文档unzip_x的示例

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [4, 5, 6]

unzip_x, unzip_y = zip(*zip(x, y))

将为(1,2,3),unzip_y将为(4,5,6 )

zip()接收多个无与伦比的args,然后返回生成器。

zip(*zip(x,y)) -> zip((1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6))

I want to give an example which others haven't mentioned

* can also unpack a generator

An example from Python3 Document

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [4, 5, 6]

unzip_x, unzip_y = zip(*zip(x, y))

unzip_x will be (1, 2, 3), unzip_y will be (4, 5, 6)

The zip() receives multiple iretable args, and return a generator.

zip(*zip(x,y)) -> zip((1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6))
第七度阳光i 2025-02-20 11:26:55

在nickd的答案 ...

def foo(param1, *param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)


def bar(param1, **param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)


def three_params(param1, *param2, **param3):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)
    print(param3)


foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print("\n")
bar(1, a=2, b=3)
print("\n")
three_params(1, 2, 3, 4, s=5)

输出:

1
(2, 3, 4, 5)

1
{'a': 2, 'b': 3}

1
(2, 3, 4)
{'s': 5}

基本上,任何数量的位置参数都可以使用 * Args和任何命名的参数(或Kwargs aka关键字参数)都可以使用** kwargs。

Building on nickd's answer...

def foo(param1, *param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)


def bar(param1, **param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)


def three_params(param1, *param2, **param3):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)
    print(param3)


foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print("\n")
bar(1, a=2, b=3)
print("\n")
three_params(1, 2, 3, 4, s=5)

Output:

1
(2, 3, 4, 5)

1
{'a': 2, 'b': 3}

1
(2, 3, 4)
{'s': 5}

Basically, any number of positional arguments can use *args and any named arguments (or kwargs aka keyword arguments) can use **kwargs.

思念绕指尖 2025-02-20 11:26:55

除了函数调用外, *args和** kwargs在类层次结构中也很有用,也避免在Python中编写 __ INT __ INT __ INT __ 方法。在Django代码等框架中可以看到类似的用法。

例如,

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
    for attribute_name, value in zip(self._expected_attributes, args):
        setattr(self, attribute_name, value)
        if kwargs.has_key(attribute_name):
            kwargs.pop(attribute_name)

    for attribute_name in kwargs.viewkeys():
        setattr(self, attribute_name, kwargs[attribute_name])

一个子类可以作为

class RetailItem(Item):
    _expected_attributes = Item._expected_attributes + ['name', 'price', 'category', 'country_of_origin']

class FoodItem(RetailItem):
    _expected_attributes = RetailItem._expected_attributes +  ['expiry_date']

子类,然后像

food_item = FoodItem(name = 'Jam', 
                     price = 12.0, 
                     category = 'Foods', 
                     country_of_origin = 'US', 
                     expiry_date = datetime.datetime.now())

一个新属性的子类实例化,该子类仅对该子类实例有意义,可以调用base类 __ INT __ INT __ 以卸载属性设置。
这是通过 *args和** kwargs完成的。 Kwargs主要使用,以便使用命名参数可以读取代码。例如,

class ElectronicAccessories(RetailItem):
    _expected_attributes = RetailItem._expected_attributes +  ['specifications']
    # Depend on args and kwargs to populate the data as needed.
    def __init__(self, specifications = None, *args, **kwargs):
        self.specifications = specifications  # Rest of attributes will make sense to parent class.
        super(ElectronicAccessories, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

可以将其作为

usb_key = ElectronicAccessories(name = 'Sandisk', 
                                price = '$6.00', 
                                category = 'Electronics',
                                country_of_origin = 'CN',
                                specifications = '4GB USB 2.0/USB 3.0')

完整代码进行化为在这里

In addition to function calls, *args and **kwargs are useful in class hierarchies and also avoid having to write __init__ method in Python. Similar usage can seen in frameworks like Django code.

For example,

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
    for attribute_name, value in zip(self._expected_attributes, args):
        setattr(self, attribute_name, value)
        if kwargs.has_key(attribute_name):
            kwargs.pop(attribute_name)

    for attribute_name in kwargs.viewkeys():
        setattr(self, attribute_name, kwargs[attribute_name])

A subclass can then be

class RetailItem(Item):
    _expected_attributes = Item._expected_attributes + ['name', 'price', 'category', 'country_of_origin']

class FoodItem(RetailItem):
    _expected_attributes = RetailItem._expected_attributes +  ['expiry_date']

The subclass then be instantiated as

food_item = FoodItem(name = 'Jam', 
                     price = 12.0, 
                     category = 'Foods', 
                     country_of_origin = 'US', 
                     expiry_date = datetime.datetime.now())

Also, a subclass with a new attribute which makes sense only to that subclass instance can call the Base class __init__ to offload the attributes setting.
This is done through *args and **kwargs. kwargs mainly used so that code is readable using named arguments. For example,

class ElectronicAccessories(RetailItem):
    _expected_attributes = RetailItem._expected_attributes +  ['specifications']
    # Depend on args and kwargs to populate the data as needed.
    def __init__(self, specifications = None, *args, **kwargs):
        self.specifications = specifications  # Rest of attributes will make sense to parent class.
        super(ElectronicAccessories, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

which can be instatiated as

usb_key = ElectronicAccessories(name = 'Sandisk', 
                                price = '$6.00', 
                                category = 'Electronics',
                                country_of_origin = 'CN',
                                specifications = '4GB USB 2.0/USB 3.0')

The complete code is here

遗心遗梦遗幸福 2025-02-20 11:26:55

给定一个包含3个项目的函数作为参数,

sum = lambda x, y, z: x + y + z
sum(1,2,3) # sum 3 items

sum([1,2,3]) # error, needs 3 items, not 1 list

x = [1,2,3][0]
y = [1,2,3][1]
z = [1,2,3][2]
sum(x,y,z) # ok

sum(*[1,2,3]) # ok, 1 list becomes 3 items

想象一下这个玩具,带有一袋三角形,一个圆圈和矩形项目。该袋不直接适合。您需要解开包装包装以获取这3件物品,现在它们合适。 Python *操作员进行了此拆箱过程。

Given a function that has 3 items as argument

sum = lambda x, y, z: x + y + z
sum(1,2,3) # sum 3 items

sum([1,2,3]) # error, needs 3 items, not 1 list

x = [1,2,3][0]
y = [1,2,3][1]
z = [1,2,3][2]
sum(x,y,z) # ok

sum(*[1,2,3]) # ok, 1 list becomes 3 items

Imagine this toy with a bag of a triangle, a circle and a rectangle item. That bag does not directly fit. You need to unpack the bag to take those 3 items and now they fit. The Python * operator does this unpack process.

enter image description here

忘羡 2025-02-20 11:26:55

函数定义 中的星号'*'将多个位置参数组合到单个 tuple 参数中。

>>> def A(*tpl):
...     print(tpl)
...
>>> A(6, 7, 8, 9, 0)
(6, 7, 8, 9, 0)

函数中的星号'*'呼叫 splits a 序列 进入单个位置参数。

>>> def B(a, b, c, d, e):
...     print(f"{a} {b} {c} {d} {e}")
...
>>> lst = [1,2,3,4,5]
>>>
>>> B(*lst)
1 2 3 4 5 

double atterisk'**'在函数定义 中,将多个关键字参数组合到单个 dictionary 参数中。

>>> def C(**dic):
...     print(dic)
...
>>> C(a=9, b=8, c=7, d=6, e=5)
{'a': 9, 'b': 8, 'c': 7, 'd': 6, 'e': 5}

double atterisk'**'在函数 call splits a dictionary 类似的对象。

>>> def D(v,w,x,y,z):
...     print(f"{v} {w} {x} {y} {z}")
...
>>> dct = {'z':1, 'y':2, 'x':3, 'w':4, 'v':5}
>>>
>>> D(**dct)
5 4 3 2 1

The asterisk '*' in a function definition combines multiple positional arguments into a single tuple argument.

>>> def A(*tpl):
...     print(tpl)
...
>>> A(6, 7, 8, 9, 0)
(6, 7, 8, 9, 0)

The asterisk '*' in a function call splits a sequence into individual positional arguments.

>>> def B(a, b, c, d, e):
...     print(f"{a} {b} {c} {d} {e}")
...
>>> lst = [1,2,3,4,5]
>>>
>>> B(*lst)
1 2 3 4 5 

The double asterisk '**' in a function definition combines multiple keyword arguments into a single dictionary argument.

>>> def C(**dic):
...     print(dic)
...
>>> C(a=9, b=8, c=7, d=6, e=5)
{'a': 9, 'b': 8, 'c': 7, 'd': 6, 'e': 5}

The double asterisk '**' in a function call splits a dictionary-like object into individual keyword arguments.

>>> def D(v,w,x,y,z):
...     print(f"{v} {w} {x} {y} {z}")
...
>>> dct = {'z':1, 'y':2, 'x':3, 'w':4, 'v':5}
>>>
>>> D(**dct)
5 4 3 2 1
微凉徒眸意 2025-02-20 11:26:55

*args ** kwargs :允许您将可变数量的参数传递给函数。

*args :用于将非关键单词的变量长度参数列表发送到函数:

def args(normal_arg, *argv):
    print("normal argument:", normal_arg)

    for arg in argv:
        print("Argument in list of arguments from *argv:", arg)

args('animals', 'fish', 'duck', 'bird')

将产生:

normal argument: animals
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: fish
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: duck
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: bird

** kwargs*

** kwargs 允许您将关键字的参数长度传递给函数。如果要在函数中处理命名参数,则应使用 ** Kwargs

def who(**kwargs):
    if kwargs is not None:
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            print("Your %s is %s." % (key, value))

who(name="Nikola", last_name="Tesla", birthday="7.10.1856", birthplace="Croatia")  

将产生:

Your name is Nikola.
Your last_name is Tesla.
Your birthday is 7.10.1856.
Your birthplace is Croatia.

*args and **kwargs: allow you to pass a variable number of arguments to a function.

*args: is used to send a non-keyworded variable length argument list to the function:

def args(normal_arg, *argv):
    print("normal argument:", normal_arg)

    for arg in argv:
        print("Argument in list of arguments from *argv:", arg)

args('animals', 'fish', 'duck', 'bird')

Will produce:

normal argument: animals
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: fish
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: duck
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: bird

**kwargs*

**kwargs allows you to pass keyworded variable length of arguments to a function. You should use **kwargs if you want to handle named arguments in a function.

def who(**kwargs):
    if kwargs is not None:
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            print("Your %s is %s." % (key, value))

who(name="Nikola", last_name="Tesla", birthday="7.10.1856", birthplace="Croatia")  

Will produce:

Your name is Nikola.
Your last_name is Tesla.
Your birthday is 7.10.1856.
Your birthplace is Croatia.
沉睡月亮 2025-02-20 11:26:55

在函数中使用两者的一个很好的例子是:

>>> def foo(*arg,**kwargs):
...     print arg
...     print kwargs
>>>
>>> a = (1, 2, 3)
>>> b = {'aa': 11, 'bb': 22}
>>>
>>>
>>> foo(*a,**b)
(1, 2, 3)
{'aa': 11, 'bb': 22}
>>>
>>>
>>> foo(a,**b) 
((1, 2, 3),)
{'aa': 11, 'bb': 22}
>>>
>>>
>>> foo(a,b) 
((1, 2, 3), {'aa': 11, 'bb': 22})
{}
>>>
>>>
>>> foo(a,*b)
((1, 2, 3), 'aa', 'bb')
{}

A good example of using both in a function is:

>>> def foo(*arg,**kwargs):
...     print arg
...     print kwargs
>>>
>>> a = (1, 2, 3)
>>> b = {'aa': 11, 'bb': 22}
>>>
>>>
>>> foo(*a,**b)
(1, 2, 3)
{'aa': 11, 'bb': 22}
>>>
>>>
>>> foo(a,**b) 
((1, 2, 3),)
{'aa': 11, 'bb': 22}
>>>
>>>
>>> foo(a,b) 
((1, 2, 3), {'aa': 11, 'bb': 22})
{}
>>>
>>>
>>> foo(a,*b)
((1, 2, 3), 'aa', 'bb')
{}
柠栀 2025-02-20 11:26:55

此示例将帮助您记住*Args ** Kwargs ,甚至 super 和sustaritance and python中的继承。

class base(object):
    def __init__(self, base_param):
        self.base_param = base_param


class child1(base): # inherited from base class
    def __init__(self, child_param, *args) # *args for non-keyword args
        self.child_param = child_param
        super(child1, self).__init__(*args) # call __init__ of the base class and initialize it with a NON-KEYWORD arg

class child2(base):
    def __init__(self, child_param, **kwargs):
        self.child_param = child_param
        super(child2, self).__init__(**kwargs) # call __init__ of the base class and initialize it with a KEYWORD arg

c1 = child1(1,0)
c2 = child2(1,base_param=0)
print c1.base_param # 0
print c1.child_param # 1
print c2.base_param # 0
print c2.child_param # 1

This example would help you remember *args, **kwargs and even super and inheritance in Python at once.

class base(object):
    def __init__(self, base_param):
        self.base_param = base_param


class child1(base): # inherited from base class
    def __init__(self, child_param, *args) # *args for non-keyword args
        self.child_param = child_param
        super(child1, self).__init__(*args) # call __init__ of the base class and initialize it with a NON-KEYWORD arg

class child2(base):
    def __init__(self, child_param, **kwargs):
        self.child_param = child_param
        super(child2, self).__init__(**kwargs) # call __init__ of the base class and initialize it with a KEYWORD arg

c1 = child1(1,0)
c2 = child2(1,base_param=0)
print c1.base_param # 0
print c1.child_param # 1
print c2.base_param # 0
print c2.child_param # 1
挽容 2025-02-20 11:26:55

*args(或 *任何)表示每个参数

def any_param(*param):
    pass

any_param(1)
any_param(1,1)
any_param(1,1,1)
any_param(1,...)

note :您不能将参数传递给 *arg arg

def any_param(*param):
    pass

any_param() # will work correct

the *args在类型元组中

def any_param(*param):
    return type(param)

any_param(1) #tuple
any_param() # tuple

用于访问元素,而不使用 ***

def any(*param):
    param[0] # correct

def any(*param):
    *param[0] # incorrect

kwd ** kwd

** KWD或**
这是一个dict类型

def func(**any):
    return type(any) # dict

def func(**any):
    return any

func(width="10",height="20") # {width="10",height="20")


*args ( or *any ) means every parameters

def any_param(*param):
    pass

any_param(1)
any_param(1,1)
any_param(1,1,1)
any_param(1,...)

NOTICE : you can don't pass parameters to *args

def any_param(*param):
    pass

any_param() # will work correct

The *args is in type tuple

def any_param(*param):
    return type(param)

any_param(1) #tuple
any_param() # tuple

for access to elements don't use of *

def any(*param):
    param[0] # correct

def any(*param):
    *param[0] # incorrect

The **kwd

**kwd or **any
This is a dict type

def func(**any):
    return type(any) # dict

def func(**any):
    return any

func(width="10",height="20") # {width="10",height="20")


巨坚强 2025-02-20 11:26:55
  • *args 是可以将0或更多(位置)参数作为元组的特殊参数。

  • ** kwargs 是可以将0或更多(关键字)参数作为字典的特殊参数。

*在python中,有两种参数

*args

例如,*args 可以服用0或更多参数为元组,如下所示:

           ↓
def test(*args):
    print(args)

test() # Here
test(1, 2, 3, 4) # Here
test((1, 2, 3, 4)) # Here
test(*(1, 2, 3, 4)) # Here

输出:

()
(1, 2, 3, 4)
((1, 2, 3, 4),)
(1, 2, 3, 4)

,当打印*args 时,打印了4个数字,没有括号和逗号:

def test(*args):
    print(*args) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出:

1 2 3 4

和, args hap strong> tuple 类型:

def test(*args):
    print(type(args)) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出:

<class 'tuple'>

但是,*args 没有类型:

def test(*args):
    print(type(*args)) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出(错误):

typeerror:type()服用1或3个参数

,并且可以将普通参数放在*args 之前,如下所示:

          ↓     ↓
def test(num1, num2, *args):
    print(num1, num2, args)
    
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出:

1 2 (3, 4)

但是, ** kwargs 不能在<之前放置代码>*args 如下所示:

             ↓     
def test(**kwargs, *args):
    print(kwargs, args)
    
test(num1=1, num2=2, 3, 4)

输出(错误):

语法:无效的语法

和,在*args 之后,不能放置普通参数,如下所示:

                 ↓     ↓
def test(*args, num1, num2):
    print(args, num1, num2)
    
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

输出(输出):

typeerror:test()缺少2所必需的关键字 - 只有参数:'num1'和'num2'

但是,如果正常参数具有默认值,则可以在*args 之后放置它们,如下所示:

                      ↓         ↓
def test(*args, num1=100, num2=None):
    print(args, num1, num2)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

输出:和输出:

(1, 2) 3 4

和另外, ** kwargs 可以在*args 之后放置,如下所示:

                    ↓
def test(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args, kwargs)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

输出:

(1, 2) {'num1': 3, 'num2': 4}

** kwargs

例如, ** Kwargs 可以将0或更多参数作为词典,如下所示:

             ↓
def test(**kwargs):
    print(kwargs)

test() # Here
test(name="John", age=27) # Here
test(**{"name": "John", "age": 27}) # Here

输出:

{}
{'name': 'John', 'age': 27}
{'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

和,当打印*Kwargs 时,打印了2个密钥,打印了2个密钥:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(*kwargs) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

output:output:<

name age

code: Kwargs 具有 dict 类型:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

输出:

<class 'dict'>

但是,*Kwargs ** kwargs 有无类型:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(*kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)
def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(**kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

输出(错误):

typeerror:type()服用1或3个参数

,可以将普通参数放在 ** Kwargs 之前,如下所示:

          ↓     ↓
def test(num1, num2, **kwargs):
    print(num1, num2, kwargs)

test(1, 2, name="John", age=27)

输出:

1 2 {'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

*Args 可以放在之前 ** kwargs 如下所示:

           ↓
def test(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args, kwargs)

test(1, 2, name="John", age=27)

输出:

(1, 2) {'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

和,正常参数和*args ** kwargs 后不能放置,如图所示。下图:

                    ↓     ↓
def test(**kwargs, num1, num2):
    print(kwargs, num1, num2)

test(name="John", age=27, 1, 2)
                     ↓
def test(**kwargs, *args):
    print(kwargs, args)

test(name="John", age=27, 1, 2)

输出(错误):

语法:无效的语法

语法: *args ** kwargs 的语法

:实际上,您可以为*Args **使用其他名称Kwargs 如下所示。 *args ** kwargs 常规使用:

            ↓        ↓
def test(*banana, **orange):
    print(banana, orange)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

输出:

(1, 2) {'num1': 3, 'num2': 4}
  • *args is the special parameter which can take 0 or more (positional) arguments as a tuple.

  • **kwargs is the special parameter which can take 0 or more (keyword) arguments as a dictionary.

*In Python, there are 2 kinds of arguments positional argument and keyword argument:

*args:

For example, *args can take 0 or more arguments as a tuple as shown below:

           ↓
def test(*args):
    print(args)

test() # Here
test(1, 2, 3, 4) # Here
test((1, 2, 3, 4)) # Here
test(*(1, 2, 3, 4)) # Here

Output:

()
(1, 2, 3, 4)
((1, 2, 3, 4),)
(1, 2, 3, 4)

And, when printing *args, 4 numbers are printed without parentheses and commas:

def test(*args):
    print(*args) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

Output:

1 2 3 4

And, args has tuple type:

def test(*args):
    print(type(args)) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

Output:

<class 'tuple'>

But, *args has no type:

def test(*args):
    print(type(*args)) # Here
 
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

Output(Error):

TypeError: type() takes 1 or 3 arguments

And, normal parameters can be put before *args as shown below:

          ↓     ↓
def test(num1, num2, *args):
    print(num1, num2, args)
    
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

Output:

1 2 (3, 4)

But, **kwargs cannot be put before *args as shown below:

             ↓     
def test(**kwargs, *args):
    print(kwargs, args)
    
test(num1=1, num2=2, 3, 4)

Output(Error):

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

And, normal parameters cannot be put after *args as shown below:

                 ↓     ↓
def test(*args, num1, num2):
    print(args, num1, num2)
    
test(1, 2, 3, 4)

Output(Error):

TypeError: test() missing 2 required keyword-only arguments: 'num1' and 'num2'

But, if normal parameters have default values, they can be put after *args as shown below:

                      ↓         ↓
def test(*args, num1=100, num2=None):
    print(args, num1, num2)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

Output:

(1, 2) 3 4

And also, **kwargs can be put after *args as shown below:

                    ↓
def test(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args, kwargs)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

Output:

(1, 2) {'num1': 3, 'num2': 4}

**kwargs:

For example, **kwargs can take 0 or more arguments as a dictionary as shown below:

             ↓
def test(**kwargs):
    print(kwargs)

test() # Here
test(name="John", age=27) # Here
test(**{"name": "John", "age": 27}) # Here

Output:

{}
{'name': 'John', 'age': 27}
{'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

And, when printing *kwargs, 2 keys are printed:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(*kwargs) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

Output:

name age

And, kwargs has dict type:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

Output:

<class 'dict'>

But, *kwargs and **kwargs have no type:

def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(*kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)
def test(**kwargs):
    print(type(**kwargs)) # Here
 
test(name="John", age=27)

Output(Error):

TypeError: type() takes 1 or 3 arguments

And, normal parameters can be put before **kwargs as shown below:

          ↓     ↓
def test(num1, num2, **kwargs):
    print(num1, num2, kwargs)

test(1, 2, name="John", age=27)

Output:

1 2 {'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

And also, *args can be put before **kwargs as shown below:

           ↓
def test(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args, kwargs)

test(1, 2, name="John", age=27)

Output:

(1, 2) {'name': 'John', 'age': 27}

And, normal parameters and *args cannot be put after **kwargs as shown below:

                    ↓     ↓
def test(**kwargs, num1, num2):
    print(kwargs, num1, num2)

test(name="John", age=27, 1, 2)
                     ↓
def test(**kwargs, *args):
    print(kwargs, args)

test(name="John", age=27, 1, 2)

Output(Error):

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

For both *args and **kwargs:

Actually, you can use other names for *args and **kwargs as shown below. *args and **kwargs are used conventionally:

            ↓        ↓
def test(*banana, **orange):
    print(banana, orange)
    
test(1, 2, num1=3, num2=4)

Output:

(1, 2) {'num1': 3, 'num2': 4}
方觉久 2025-02-20 11:26:55

上下文

  • python 3.x
  • **
  • 使用字符串格式使用

与字符串格式一起使用,

此外,此线程中的答案之外,这是另一个在其他地方没有提及的细节。这将在 Brad Solomon的答案上进行扩展

。代码> str.format 。

这与您可以使用Python f-strings f-string 有点相似。但是,随着宣布固定变量的额外开销(F串不需要命令)。

快速示例

  ## init vars
  ddvars = dict()
  ddcalc = dict()
  pass
  ddvars['fname']     = 'Huomer'
  ddvars['lname']     = 'Huimpson'
  ddvars['motto']     = 'I love donuts!'
  ddvars['age']       = 33
  pass
  ddcalc['ydiff']     = 5
  ddcalc['ycalc']     = ddvars['age'] + ddcalc['ydiff']
  pass
  vdemo = []

  ## ********************
  ## single unpack supported in py 2.7
  vdemo.append('''
  Hello {fname} {lname}!

  Today you are {age} years old!

  We love your motto "{motto}" and we agree with you!
  '''.format(**ddvars)) 
  pass

  ## ********************
  ## multiple unpack supported in py 3.x
  vdemo.append('''
  Hello {fname} {lname}!

  In {ydiff} years you will be {ycalc} years old!
  '''.format(**ddvars,**ddcalc)) 
  pass

  ## ********************
  print(vdemo[-1])

Context

  • python 3.x
  • unpacking with **
  • use with string formatting

Use with string formatting

In addition to the answers in this thread, here is another detail that was not mentioned elsewhere. This expands on the answer by Brad Solomon

Unpacking with ** is also useful when using python str.format.

This is somewhat similar to what you can do with python f-strings f-string but with the added overhead of declaring a dict to hold the variables (f-string does not require a dict).

Quick Example

  ## init vars
  ddvars = dict()
  ddcalc = dict()
  pass
  ddvars['fname']     = 'Huomer'
  ddvars['lname']     = 'Huimpson'
  ddvars['motto']     = 'I love donuts!'
  ddvars['age']       = 33
  pass
  ddcalc['ydiff']     = 5
  ddcalc['ycalc']     = ddvars['age'] + ddcalc['ydiff']
  pass
  vdemo = []

  ## ********************
  ## single unpack supported in py 2.7
  vdemo.append('''
  Hello {fname} {lname}!

  Today you are {age} years old!

  We love your motto "{motto}" and we agree with you!
  '''.format(**ddvars)) 
  pass

  ## ********************
  ## multiple unpack supported in py 3.x
  vdemo.append('''
  Hello {fname} {lname}!

  In {ydiff} years you will be {ycalc} years old!
  '''.format(**ddvars,**ddcalc)) 
  pass

  ## ********************
  print(vdemo[-1])

彡翼 2025-02-20 11:26:55

最简单的解释就是 *IS *Args,它通过元组,而**是** Kwargs,它通过词典。这些只是默认的一般名称。

The most simple explanation is just that * is *args, which passes a tuple, and ** is **kwargs, which passes a dictionary. Those are just general names that are default.

两仪 2025-02-20 11:26:55

*args &amp; ** Kwargs 允许我们将多个参数/参数传递给Python方法,但是以下几乎没有差异:

*ARGS

用于按顺序传递参数的n-numbers就像一个数组一样,每个元素都会遵循和索引。

def foo(x, y, *args):
    pass

据我所知,*args 是一系列由comma ,隔开的参数,因此,如果您想 foo ,它看起来像

foo("x","y",1,2,3,4,5)

因此,如果您运行,

for a in args:
        print(a)  

它将按照安置顺序打印参数为1,2,3 ...

尽管这很容易实施,并且在这里使用参数顺序很重要。因此,如果第一个参数应该是字符串,则是第二个参数,并且整数是呼叫者的命令,该函数失败了。


** kwargs

这些称为关键字参数,您也可以传递可变数字参数,但是参数很像字典K/V对。

def bar(x, y, **kwargs):
    pass

这些是关键字参数,该参数设置为键/值对字典 >如果多个。因此,对于 bar ,您可以发送

bar("x", "y", name="vinod",address="bangalore",country="india")

并可以单独阅读该功能

Name = kwargs['name']
Address = kwargs['address'] 

阅读 kwargs 不需要在循环和参数顺序上列举。

Both *args & **kwargs allows us to pass multiple arguments/parameters to a python method but there are few differences explained below:

*args

Is used to pass n-numbers of arguments in order much like a Array every element will follow and index.

def foo(x, y, *args):
    pass

As far as I know, *args is an array of arguments separated by comma , so if you wanted to to foo above it will look like

foo("x","y",1,2,3,4,5)

so if you run

for a in args:
        print(a)  

it will print arguments in order of placement as 1,2,3...

Although this is very easy to implement and use the order of arguments matters a lot here. So if the first argument is supposed to be a string and second and integer, if the caller messed with the order the function fails.


**kwargs

These are called keyword arguments here also you can pass variable numbers of arguments but the arguments are much like a dictionary k/v pair.

def bar(x, y, **kwargs):
    pass

These are keyword arguments which are set of named arguments which are passed as key/value pair or dictionary separated by , if multiple. So for bar you can send

bar("x", "y", name="vinod",address="bangalore",country="india")

and can read it in the function individually as

Name = kwargs['name']
Address = kwargs['address'] 

Reading kwargs doesn't required to enumerate over a loop and order of arguments don't matter.

只有一腔孤勇 2025-02-20 11:26:55
  • 的任意数量的值
  • def foo(param1, *param2):是一种方法可以接受 *param2 def bar(param1,** param2) 的键接受任意数量的值
  • /code>是一种方法,可以使用*param2 param1

。例如,用于在Java中实现 varargs 的语法如下:

accessModifier methodName(datatype… arg) {
    // method body
}
  • def foo(param1, *param2): is a method can accept arbitrary number of values for *param2,
  • def bar(param1, **param2): is a method can accept arbitrary number of values with keys for *param2
  • param1 is a simple parameter.

For example, the syntax for implementing varargs in Java as follows:

accessModifier methodName(datatype… arg) {
    // method body
}
漫雪独思 2025-02-20 11:26:55

与*args和** kwargs

*args ** kwargs 只是某种方法,可以将无限的字符输入函数,例如:


def print_all(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args) # print any number of arguments like: "print_all("foo", "bar")"
    print(kwargs.get("to_print")) # print the value of the keyworded argument "to_print"


# example:
print_all("Hello", "World", to_print="!")
# will print:
"""
('Hello', 'World')
!
"""

"Infinite" Args with *args and **kwargs

*args and **kwargs are just some way to input unlimited characters to functions, like:


def print_all(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args) # print any number of arguments like: "print_all("foo", "bar")"
    print(kwargs.get("to_print")) # print the value of the keyworded argument "to_print"


# example:
print_all("Hello", "World", to_print="!")
# will print:
"""
('Hello', 'World')
!
"""
浮生未歇 2025-02-20 11:26:54

*args ** kwargs 是常见的成语,可以允许任意数量的参数到函数,如有关定义的更多信息功能在Python教程中。

*args 将为您提供所有位置参数作为元组

def foo(*args):
    for a in args:
        print(a)        

foo(1)
# 1

foo(1, 2, 3)
# 1
# 2
# 3

** Kwargs 将为您提供所有人
关键字参数作为词典:

def bar(**kwargs):
    for a in kwargs:
        print(a, kwargs[a])  

bar(name='one', age=27)
# name one
# age 27

两个字典都可以与普通参数混合以允许一组固定和一些变量参数:

def foo(kind, *args, bar=None, **kwargs):
    print(kind, args, bar, kwargs)

foo(123, 'a', 'b', apple='red')
# 123 ('a', 'b') None {'apple': 'red'}

也可以以相反的方式使用它:

def foo(a, b, c):
    print(a, b, c)

obj = {'b':10, 'c':'lee'}

foo(100, **obj)
# 100 10 lee

*l 的另一种用法习惯是打开参数列表调用函数时。

def foo(bar, lee):
    print(bar, lee)

baz = [1, 2]

foo(*baz)
# 1 2

在Python 3中,可以在分配的左侧使用*L 扩展的峰值解开包装),尽管它在这种情况下给出了一个列表,而不是元组:

first, *rest = [1, 2, 3, 4]
# first = 1
# rest = [2, 3, 4]

也添加了一个新的语义(请参阅 pep 3102 ):

def func(arg1, arg2, arg3, *, kwarg1, kwarg2):
    pass

这样的功能仅接受3个位置参数和3个位置参数和*之后的所有内容都只能以关键字参数传递。

注意:

python dict 是任意排序的,用于关键字参数传递的语义。但是,在Python 3.6+中,保证关键字参数记住插入顺序。
** kwargs 中的元素顺序现在对应于将关键字参数传递给函数的顺序。” - python 3.6中的新事物3.6
实际上,CPYTHON 3.6中的所有命令都会记住插入顺序作为实施细节,这成为Python 3.7的标准。

The *args and **kwargs are common idioms to allow an arbitrary number of arguments to functions, as described in the section more on defining functions in the Python tutorial.

The *args will give you all positional arguments as a tuple:

def foo(*args):
    for a in args:
        print(a)        

foo(1)
# 1

foo(1, 2, 3)
# 1
# 2
# 3

The **kwargs will give you all
keyword arguments as a dictionary:

def bar(**kwargs):
    for a in kwargs:
        print(a, kwargs[a])  

bar(name='one', age=27)
# name one
# age 27

Both idioms can be mixed with normal arguments to allow a set of fixed and some variable arguments:

def foo(kind, *args, bar=None, **kwargs):
    print(kind, args, bar, kwargs)

foo(123, 'a', 'b', apple='red')
# 123 ('a', 'b') None {'apple': 'red'}

It is also possible to use this the other way around:

def foo(a, b, c):
    print(a, b, c)

obj = {'b':10, 'c':'lee'}

foo(100, **obj)
# 100 10 lee

Another usage of the *l idiom is to unpack argument lists when calling a function.

def foo(bar, lee):
    print(bar, lee)

baz = [1, 2]

foo(*baz)
# 1 2

In Python 3 it is possible to use *l on the left side of an assignment (Extended Iterable Unpacking), though it gives a list instead of a tuple in this context:

first, *rest = [1, 2, 3, 4]
# first = 1
# rest = [2, 3, 4]

Also Python 3 adds a new semantic (refer PEP 3102):

def func(arg1, arg2, arg3, *, kwarg1, kwarg2):
    pass

Such function accepts only 3 positional arguments, and everything after * can only be passed as keyword arguments.

Note:

A Python dict, semantically used for keyword argument passing, is arbitrarily ordered. However, in Python 3.6+, keyword arguments are guaranteed to remember insertion order.
"The order of elements in **kwargs now corresponds to the order in which keyword arguments were passed to the function." - What’s New In Python 3.6.
In fact, all dicts in CPython 3.6 will remember insertion order as an implementation detail, and this becomes standard in Python 3.7.

盛装女皇 2025-02-20 11:26:54

还值得注意的是,当调用功能时,您也可以使用* ** 。这是一个快捷方式,可让您使用列表/元组或字典将多个参数传递到函数。例如,如果您具有以下功能:

def foo(x,y,z):
    print("x=" + str(x))
    print("y=" + str(y))
    print("z=" + str(z))

您可以执行以下操作:

>>> mylist = [1,2,3]
>>> foo(*mylist)
x=1
y=2
z=3

>>> mydict = {'x':1,'y':2,'z':3}
>>> foo(**mydict)
x=1
y=2
z=3

>>> mytuple = (1, 2, 3)
>>> foo(*mytuple)
x=1
y=2
z=3

注意: mydict 中的密钥必须与函数参数 foo 完全命名。否则,它将抛出 typeerror

>>> mydict = {'x':1,'y':2,'z':3,'badnews':9}
>>> foo(**mydict)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: foo() got an unexpected keyword argument 'badnews'

It's also worth noting that you can use * and ** when calling functions as well. This is a shortcut that allows you to pass multiple arguments to a function directly using either a list/tuple or a dictionary. For example, if you have the following function:

def foo(x,y,z):
    print("x=" + str(x))
    print("y=" + str(y))
    print("z=" + str(z))

You can do things like:

>>> mylist = [1,2,3]
>>> foo(*mylist)
x=1
y=2
z=3

>>> mydict = {'x':1,'y':2,'z':3}
>>> foo(**mydict)
x=1
y=2
z=3

>>> mytuple = (1, 2, 3)
>>> foo(*mytuple)
x=1
y=2
z=3

Note: The keys in mydict have to be named exactly like the parameters of function foo. Otherwise it will throw a TypeError:

>>> mydict = {'x':1,'y':2,'z':3,'badnews':9}
>>> foo(**mydict)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: foo() got an unexpected keyword argument 'badnews'
掩饰不了的爱 2025-02-20 11:26:54

单个 *意味着可以有许多额外的位置参数。 foo()可以像 foo(1,2,3,4,5)一样调用。在foo()param2的主体中,是包含2-5的序列。

双**意味着可以有多个额外的参数。 bar()可以像 bar(1,a = 2,b = 3)调用。在bar()param2的主体中,是一个字典,包含{'a':2,'b':3},

带有以下代码:

def foo(param1, *param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)

def bar(param1, **param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)

foo(1,2,3,4,5)
bar(1,a=2,b=3)

输出为

1
(2, 3, 4, 5)
1
{'a': 2, 'b': 3}

The single * means that there can be any number of extra positional arguments. foo() can be invoked like foo(1,2,3,4,5). In the body of foo() param2 is a sequence containing 2-5.

The double ** means there can be any number of extra named parameters. bar() can be invoked like bar(1, a=2, b=3). In the body of bar() param2 is a dictionary containing {'a':2, 'b':3 }

With the following code:

def foo(param1, *param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)

def bar(param1, **param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)

foo(1,2,3,4,5)
bar(1,a=2,b=3)

the output is

1
(2, 3, 4, 5)
1
{'a': 2, 'b': 3}
把梦留给海 2025-02-20 11:26:54

** (double star)和*(star)为参数做什么?

它们允许定义函数以接受用户通过 任何数量的参数,位置(*)和关键字() ** )。

定义函数

*args 允许任意数量的可选位置参数(参数),该参数将分配给名为 args 的元组。

** kwargs 允许任何数量的可选关键字参数(参数),该参数将在命名 kwargs 中。

您可以(并且应该)选择任何适当的名称,但是如果目的是使参数为非特异性语义,则 args kwargs 是标准名称。

扩展,通过任意数量的参数,

您也可以使用*args ** kwargs 从列表(或任何迭代)和dicts(或任何映射)中传递参数(或任何映射),分别。

接收参数的功能不必知道它们正在扩展。

例如,Python 2的Xrange并未明确期望*args ,但是由于它将3个整数作为参数:

>>> x = xrange(3) # create our *args - an iterable of 3 integers
>>> xrange(*x)    # expand here
xrange(0, 2, 2)

作为另一个例子,我们可以在 str.form.format

>>> foo = 'FOO'
>>> bar = 'BAR'
>>> 'this is foo, {foo} and bar, {bar}'.format(**locals())
'this is foo, FOO and bar, BAR'

python 3中的新事物:使用关键字定义函数,只有

您可以拥有 keyorth仅参数 args - 例如,例如在这里, kwarg2 必须以关键字参数 - 不是位置:

def foo(arg, kwarg=None, *args, kwarg2=None, **kwargs): 
    return arg, kwarg, args, kwarg2, kwargs

usage:

>>> foo(1,2,3,4,5,kwarg2='kwarg2', bar='bar', baz='baz')
(1, 2, (3, 4, 5), 'kwarg2', {'bar': 'bar', 'baz': 'baz'})

另外,*可以自己使用为了指出仅关键字的参数,而不允许无限的位置参数。

def foo(arg, kwarg=None, *, kwarg2=None, **kwargs): 
    return arg, kwarg, kwarg2, kwargs

在这里, kwarg2 再次必须是一个明确命名的关键字参数:

>>> foo(1,2,kwarg2='kwarg2', foo='foo', bar='bar')
(1, 2, 'kwarg2', {'foo': 'foo', 'bar': 'bar'})

并且我们不能再接受无限的位置参数,因为我们没有*args*

>>> foo(1,2,3,4,5, kwarg2='kwarg2', foo='foo', bar='bar')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: foo() takes from 1 to 2 positional arguments 
    but 5 positional arguments (and 1 keyword-only argument) were given

同样,更简单,更简单地,在这里我们需要 kwarg 以名称给出,而不是定位:

def bar(*, kwarg=None): 
    return kwarg

在此示例中,我们看到,如果我们尝试通过 kwarg 定位地传递 kwarg ,我们会收到一个错误:

>>> bar('kwarg')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: bar() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given

我们必须明确将 kwarg 参数作为关键字参数传递。

>>> bar(kwarg='kwarg')
'kwarg'

Python 2兼容演示

*args (通常表示“ Star-Args”)和 ** Kwargs (可以通过说“ Kwargs”来暗示星星,但请用“ Double” double Placklicit -Star Kwargs“)是Python的常见成语,用于使用* ** 符号。这些特定的变量名称不需要(例如,您可以使用*foos ** bars ),但是远离约定可能会激怒您的Python编码器。

通常,当我们不知道我们的功能会收到什么或可能通过多少参数时,我们通常会使用这些,有时即使单独命名每个变量也会变得非常凌乱和多余(但这通常是显式的情况比隐式更好)。

示例1

以下功能描述了如何使用它们并演示行为。请注意,命名 b 参数将被第二个位置参数消费:

def foo(a, b=10, *args, **kwargs):
    '''
    this function takes required argument a, not required keyword argument b
    and any number of unknown positional arguments and keyword arguments after
    '''
    print('a is a required argument, and its value is {0}'.format(a))
    print('b not required, its default value is 10, actual value: {0}'.format(b))
    # we can inspect the unknown arguments we were passed:
    #  - args:
    print('args is of type {0} and length {1}'.format(type(args), len(args)))
    for arg in args:
        print('unknown arg: {0}'.format(arg))
    #  - kwargs:
    print('kwargs is of type {0} and length {1}'.format(type(kwargs),
                                                        len(kwargs)))
    for kw, arg in kwargs.items():
        print('unknown kwarg - kw: {0}, arg: {1}'.format(kw, arg))
    # But we don't have to know anything about them 
    # to pass them to other functions.
    print('Args or kwargs can be passed without knowing what they are.')
    # max can take two or more positional args: max(a, b, c...)
    print('e.g. max(a, b, *args) \n{0}'.format(
      max(a, b, *args))) 
    kweg = 'dict({0})'.format( # named args same as unknown kwargs
      ', '.join('{k}={v}'.format(k=k, v=v) 
                             for k, v in sorted(kwargs.items())))
    print('e.g. dict(**kwargs) (same as {kweg}) returns: \n{0}'.format(
      dict(**kwargs), kweg=kweg))

我们可以使用 help(foo)检查在线签名的在线帮助,这告诉我们

foo(a, b=10, *args, **kwargs)

让我们使用 foo(1,2,2,3,4,E = 5,f = 6,g = 7)

打印:

a is a required argument, and its value is 1
b not required, its default value is 10, actual value: 2
args is of type <type 'tuple'> and length 2
unknown arg: 3
unknown arg: 4
kwargs is of type <type 'dict'> and length 3
unknown kwarg - kw: e, arg: 5
unknown kwarg - kw: g, arg: 7
unknown kwarg - kw: f, arg: 6
Args or kwargs can be passed without knowing what they are.
e.g. max(a, b, *args) 
4
e.g. dict(**kwargs) (same as dict(e=5, f=6, g=7)) returns: 
{'e': 5, 'g': 7, 'f': 6}

示例2

我们也可以称呼它使用另一个功能,我们只提供 a

def bar(a):
    b, c, d, e, f = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
    # dumping every local variable into foo as a keyword argument 
    # by expanding the locals dict:
    foo(**locals()) 

bar(100)打印:

a is a required argument, and its value is 100
b not required, its default value is 10, actual value: 2
args is of type <type 'tuple'> and length 0
kwargs is of type <type 'dict'> and length 4
unknown kwarg - kw: c, arg: 3
unknown kwarg - kw: e, arg: 5
unknown kwarg - kw: d, arg: 4
unknown kwarg - kw: f, arg: 6
Args or kwargs can be passed without knowing what they are.
e.g. max(a, b, *args) 
100
e.g. dict(**kwargs) (same as dict(c=3, d=4, e=5, f=6)) returns: 
{'c': 3, 'e': 5, 'd': 4, 'f': 6}

示例3:装饰器中的实际用法

好,所以也许我们还没有看到该实用程序。因此,请想象您在差异化代码之前和/或之后具有多个具有冗余代码的功能。以下命名函数只是用于说明目的的伪代码。

def foo(a, b, c, d=0, e=100):
    # imagine this is much more code than a simple function call
    preprocess() 
    differentiating_process_foo(a,b,c,d,e)
    # imagine this is much more code than a simple function call
    postprocess()

def bar(a, b, c=None, d=0, e=100, f=None):
    preprocess()
    differentiating_process_bar(a,b,c,d,e,f)
    postprocess()

def baz(a, b, c, d, e, f):
    ... and so on

我们可能能够以不同的方式处理此操作,但是我们当然可以用装饰器提取冗余,因此我们的下面示例演示了*args and 和 ** kwargs 的方式有用的:

def decorator(function):
    '''function to wrap other functions with a pre- and postprocess'''
    @functools.wraps(function) # applies module, name, and docstring to wrapper
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        # again, imagine this is complicated, but we only write it once!
        preprocess()
        function(*args, **kwargs)
        postprocess()
    return wrapper

现在,每个包装功能都可以更简洁地编写,因为我们已经考虑了冗余:

@decorator
def foo(a, b, c, d=0, e=100):
    differentiating_process_foo(a,b,c,d,e)

@decorator
def bar(a, b, c=None, d=0, e=100, f=None):
    differentiating_process_bar(a,b,c,d,e,f)

@decorator
def baz(a, b, c=None, d=0, e=100, f=None, g=None):
    differentiating_process_baz(a,b,c,d,e,f, g)

@decorator
def quux(a, b, c=None, d=0, e=100, f=None, g=None, h=None):
    differentiating_process_quux(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)

通过考虑我们的代码,*args ** Kwargs 允许我们做,我们减少代码行,提高可读性和可维护性,并在程序中具有唯一的规范位置。如果我们需要更改此结构的任何部分,我们就有一个可以进行每次更改的地方。

What does ** (double star) and * (star) do for parameters?

They allow for functions to be defined to accept and for users to pass any number of arguments, positional (*) and keyword (**).

Defining Functions

*args allows for any number of optional positional arguments (parameters), which will be assigned to a tuple named args.

**kwargs allows for any number of optional keyword arguments (parameters), which will be in a dict named kwargs.

You can (and should) choose any appropriate name, but if the intention is for the arguments to be of non-specific semantics, args and kwargs are standard names.

Expansion, Passing any number of arguments

You can also use *args and **kwargs to pass in parameters from lists (or any iterable) and dicts (or any mapping), respectively.

The function recieving the parameters does not have to know that they are being expanded.

For example, Python 2's xrange does not explicitly expect *args, but since it takes 3 integers as arguments:

>>> x = xrange(3) # create our *args - an iterable of 3 integers
>>> xrange(*x)    # expand here
xrange(0, 2, 2)

As another example, we can use dict expansion in str.format:

>>> foo = 'FOO'
>>> bar = 'BAR'
>>> 'this is foo, {foo} and bar, {bar}'.format(**locals())
'this is foo, FOO and bar, BAR'

New in Python 3: Defining functions with keyword only arguments

You can have keyword only arguments after the *args - for example, here, kwarg2 must be given as a keyword argument - not positionally:

def foo(arg, kwarg=None, *args, kwarg2=None, **kwargs): 
    return arg, kwarg, args, kwarg2, kwargs

Usage:

>>> foo(1,2,3,4,5,kwarg2='kwarg2', bar='bar', baz='baz')
(1, 2, (3, 4, 5), 'kwarg2', {'bar': 'bar', 'baz': 'baz'})

Also, * can be used by itself to indicate that keyword only arguments follow, without allowing for unlimited positional arguments.

def foo(arg, kwarg=None, *, kwarg2=None, **kwargs): 
    return arg, kwarg, kwarg2, kwargs

Here, kwarg2 again must be an explicitly named, keyword argument:

>>> foo(1,2,kwarg2='kwarg2', foo='foo', bar='bar')
(1, 2, 'kwarg2', {'foo': 'foo', 'bar': 'bar'})

And we can no longer accept unlimited positional arguments because we don't have *args*:

>>> foo(1,2,3,4,5, kwarg2='kwarg2', foo='foo', bar='bar')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: foo() takes from 1 to 2 positional arguments 
    but 5 positional arguments (and 1 keyword-only argument) were given

Again, more simply, here we require kwarg to be given by name, not positionally:

def bar(*, kwarg=None): 
    return kwarg

In this example, we see that if we try to pass kwarg positionally, we get an error:

>>> bar('kwarg')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: bar() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given

We must explicitly pass the kwarg parameter as a keyword argument.

>>> bar(kwarg='kwarg')
'kwarg'

Python 2 compatible demos

*args (typically said "star-args") and **kwargs (stars can be implied by saying "kwargs", but be explicit with "double-star kwargs") are common idioms of Python for using the * and ** notation. These specific variable names aren't required (e.g. you could use *foos and **bars), but a departure from convention is likely to enrage your fellow Python coders.

We typically use these when we don't know what our function is going to receive or how many arguments we may be passing, and sometimes even when naming every variable separately would get very messy and redundant (but this is a case where usually explicit is better than implicit).

Example 1

The following function describes how they can be used, and demonstrates behavior. Note the named b argument will be consumed by the second positional argument before :

def foo(a, b=10, *args, **kwargs):
    '''
    this function takes required argument a, not required keyword argument b
    and any number of unknown positional arguments and keyword arguments after
    '''
    print('a is a required argument, and its value is {0}'.format(a))
    print('b not required, its default value is 10, actual value: {0}'.format(b))
    # we can inspect the unknown arguments we were passed:
    #  - args:
    print('args is of type {0} and length {1}'.format(type(args), len(args)))
    for arg in args:
        print('unknown arg: {0}'.format(arg))
    #  - kwargs:
    print('kwargs is of type {0} and length {1}'.format(type(kwargs),
                                                        len(kwargs)))
    for kw, arg in kwargs.items():
        print('unknown kwarg - kw: {0}, arg: {1}'.format(kw, arg))
    # But we don't have to know anything about them 
    # to pass them to other functions.
    print('Args or kwargs can be passed without knowing what they are.')
    # max can take two or more positional args: max(a, b, c...)
    print('e.g. max(a, b, *args) \n{0}'.format(
      max(a, b, *args))) 
    kweg = 'dict({0})'.format( # named args same as unknown kwargs
      ', '.join('{k}={v}'.format(k=k, v=v) 
                             for k, v in sorted(kwargs.items())))
    print('e.g. dict(**kwargs) (same as {kweg}) returns: \n{0}'.format(
      dict(**kwargs), kweg=kweg))

We can check the online help for the function's signature, with help(foo), which tells us

foo(a, b=10, *args, **kwargs)

Let's call this function with foo(1, 2, 3, 4, e=5, f=6, g=7)

which prints:

a is a required argument, and its value is 1
b not required, its default value is 10, actual value: 2
args is of type <type 'tuple'> and length 2
unknown arg: 3
unknown arg: 4
kwargs is of type <type 'dict'> and length 3
unknown kwarg - kw: e, arg: 5
unknown kwarg - kw: g, arg: 7
unknown kwarg - kw: f, arg: 6
Args or kwargs can be passed without knowing what they are.
e.g. max(a, b, *args) 
4
e.g. dict(**kwargs) (same as dict(e=5, f=6, g=7)) returns: 
{'e': 5, 'g': 7, 'f': 6}

Example 2

We can also call it using another function, into which we just provide a:

def bar(a):
    b, c, d, e, f = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
    # dumping every local variable into foo as a keyword argument 
    # by expanding the locals dict:
    foo(**locals()) 

bar(100) prints:

a is a required argument, and its value is 100
b not required, its default value is 10, actual value: 2
args is of type <type 'tuple'> and length 0
kwargs is of type <type 'dict'> and length 4
unknown kwarg - kw: c, arg: 3
unknown kwarg - kw: e, arg: 5
unknown kwarg - kw: d, arg: 4
unknown kwarg - kw: f, arg: 6
Args or kwargs can be passed without knowing what they are.
e.g. max(a, b, *args) 
100
e.g. dict(**kwargs) (same as dict(c=3, d=4, e=5, f=6)) returns: 
{'c': 3, 'e': 5, 'd': 4, 'f': 6}

Example 3: practical usage in decorators

OK, so maybe we're not seeing the utility yet. So imagine you have several functions with redundant code before and/or after the differentiating code. The following named functions are just pseudo-code for illustrative purposes.

def foo(a, b, c, d=0, e=100):
    # imagine this is much more code than a simple function call
    preprocess() 
    differentiating_process_foo(a,b,c,d,e)
    # imagine this is much more code than a simple function call
    postprocess()

def bar(a, b, c=None, d=0, e=100, f=None):
    preprocess()
    differentiating_process_bar(a,b,c,d,e,f)
    postprocess()

def baz(a, b, c, d, e, f):
    ... and so on

We might be able to handle this differently, but we can certainly extract the redundancy with a decorator, and so our below example demonstrates how *args and **kwargs can be very useful:

def decorator(function):
    '''function to wrap other functions with a pre- and postprocess'''
    @functools.wraps(function) # applies module, name, and docstring to wrapper
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        # again, imagine this is complicated, but we only write it once!
        preprocess()
        function(*args, **kwargs)
        postprocess()
    return wrapper

And now every wrapped function can be written much more succinctly, as we've factored out the redundancy:

@decorator
def foo(a, b, c, d=0, e=100):
    differentiating_process_foo(a,b,c,d,e)

@decorator
def bar(a, b, c=None, d=0, e=100, f=None):
    differentiating_process_bar(a,b,c,d,e,f)

@decorator
def baz(a, b, c=None, d=0, e=100, f=None, g=None):
    differentiating_process_baz(a,b,c,d,e,f, g)

@decorator
def quux(a, b, c=None, d=0, e=100, f=None, g=None, h=None):
    differentiating_process_quux(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)

And by factoring out our code, which *args and **kwargs allows us to do, we reduce lines of code, improve readability and maintainability, and have sole canonical locations for the logic in our program. If we need to change any part of this structure, we have one place in which to make each change.

客…行舟 2025-02-20 11:26:54

让我们首先了解什么是位置参数和关键词参数。
以下是具有位置参数的函数定义的示例。

def test(a,b,c):
     print(a)
     print(b)
     print(c)

test(1,2,3)
#output:
1
2
3

因此,这是带有位置参数的函数定义。
您也可以使用关键字/命名参数调用它:

def test(a,b,c):
     print(a)
     print(b)
     print(c)

test(a=1,b=2,c=3)
#output:
1
2
3

现在让我们研究一个使用关键字参数的函数定义示例:

def test(a=0,b=0,c=0):
     print(a)
     print(b)
     print(c)
     print('-------------------------')

test(a=1,b=2,c=3)
#output :
1
2
3
-------------------------

您可以使用位置参数

def test(a=0,b=0,c=0):
    print(a)
    print(b)
    print(c)
    print('-------------------------')

test(1,2,3)
# output :
1
2
3
---------------------------------

调用此函数:因此,我们现在知道使用位置和关键字参数。

现在,让我们研究“*”操作员和'**'操作员。

请注意,这些操作员可以在2个区域中使用:

a)函数调用

b)功能定义

函数调用。

让我们直接进入示例,然后进行讨论。

def sum(a,b):  #receive args from function calls as sum(1,2) or sum(a=1,b=2)
    print(a+b)

my_tuple = (1,2)
my_list = [1,2]
my_dict = {'a':1,'b':2}

# Let us unpack data structure of list or tuple or dict into arguments with help of '*' operator
sum(*my_tuple)   # becomes same as sum(1,2) after unpacking my_tuple with '*'
sum(*my_list)    # becomes same as sum(1,2) after unpacking my_list with  '*'
sum(**my_dict)   # becomes same as sum(a=1,b=2) after unpacking by '**' 

# output is 3 in all three calls to sum function.

因此,请记住,

当在函数调用 -

'*'操作员将数据结构(例如列表或元组)解开为函数定义所需的参数中时,请记住'*'或'**'运算符时。

'**'运算符将字典解开为函数定义所需的参数。

现在,让我们研究功能定义中的“*”操作员使用
示例:

def sum(*args): #pack the received positional args into data structure of tuple. after applying '*' - def sum((1,2,3,4))
    sum = 0
    for a in args:
        sum+=a
    print(sum)

sum(1,2,3,4)  #positional args sent to function sum
#output:
10

在函数定义'*'操作员将接收到的参数包装成元组中。

现在,让我们查看函数定义中使用的“ **”的示例:

def sum(**args): #pack keyword args into datastructure of dict after applying '**' - def sum({a:1,b:2,c:3,d:4})
    sum=0
    for k,v in args.items():
        sum+=v
    print(sum)

sum(a=1,b=2,c=3,d=4) #positional args sent to function sum

在函数定义'**'操作员将接收的参数包装到字典中。

因此,请记住:

函数中调用'*'解开包装元组或列表的数据结构或通过功能定义接收到的位置或关键字参数。

函数中调用'**' dunkaks 词典的数据结构是通过函数定义接收到的位置或关键字参数。

函数中定义'*'包装位置参数成元组。

函数中定义'**' packs 关键字参数中的字典。

Let us first understand what are positional arguments and keyword arguments.
Below is an example of function definition with Positional arguments.

def test(a,b,c):
     print(a)
     print(b)
     print(c)

test(1,2,3)
#output:
1
2
3

So this is a function definition with positional arguments.
You can call it with keyword/named arguments as well:

def test(a,b,c):
     print(a)
     print(b)
     print(c)

test(a=1,b=2,c=3)
#output:
1
2
3

Now let us study an example of function definition with keyword arguments:

def test(a=0,b=0,c=0):
     print(a)
     print(b)
     print(c)
     print('-------------------------')

test(a=1,b=2,c=3)
#output :
1
2
3
-------------------------

You can call this function with positional arguments as well:

def test(a=0,b=0,c=0):
    print(a)
    print(b)
    print(c)
    print('-------------------------')

test(1,2,3)
# output :
1
2
3
---------------------------------

So we now know function definitions with positional as well as keyword arguments.

Now let us study the '*' operator and '**' operator.

Please note these operators can be used in 2 areas:

a) function call

b) function definition

The use of '*' operator and '**' operator in function call.

Let us get straight to an example and then discuss it.

def sum(a,b):  #receive args from function calls as sum(1,2) or sum(a=1,b=2)
    print(a+b)

my_tuple = (1,2)
my_list = [1,2]
my_dict = {'a':1,'b':2}

# Let us unpack data structure of list or tuple or dict into arguments with help of '*' operator
sum(*my_tuple)   # becomes same as sum(1,2) after unpacking my_tuple with '*'
sum(*my_list)    # becomes same as sum(1,2) after unpacking my_list with  '*'
sum(**my_dict)   # becomes same as sum(a=1,b=2) after unpacking by '**' 

# output is 3 in all three calls to sum function.

So remember

when the '*' or '**' operator is used in a function call -

'*' operator unpacks data structure such as a list or tuple into arguments needed by function definition.

'**' operator unpacks a dictionary into arguments needed by function definition.

Now let us study the '*' operator use in function definition.
Example:

def sum(*args): #pack the received positional args into data structure of tuple. after applying '*' - def sum((1,2,3,4))
    sum = 0
    for a in args:
        sum+=a
    print(sum)

sum(1,2,3,4)  #positional args sent to function sum
#output:
10

In function definition the '*' operator packs the received arguments into a tuple.

Now let us see an example of '**' used in function definition:

def sum(**args): #pack keyword args into datastructure of dict after applying '**' - def sum({a:1,b:2,c:3,d:4})
    sum=0
    for k,v in args.items():
        sum+=v
    print(sum)

sum(a=1,b=2,c=3,d=4) #positional args sent to function sum

In function definition The '**' operator packs the received arguments into a dictionary.

So remember:

In a function call the '*' unpacks data structure of tuple or list into positional or keyword arguments to be received by function definition.

In a function call the '**' unpacks data structure of dictionary into positional or keyword arguments to be received by function definition.

In a function definition the '*' packs positional arguments into a tuple.

In a function definition the '**' packs keyword arguments into a dictionary.

幼儿园老大 2025-02-20 11:26:54

地使用* ** 在功能 construction 和function call

            In function construction         In function call
=======================================================================
          |  def f(*args):                 |  def f(a, b):
*args     |      for arg in args:          |      return a + b
          |          print(arg)            |  args = (1, 2)
          |  f(1, 2)                       |  f(*args)
----------|--------------------------------|---------------------------
          |  def f(a, b):                  |  def f(a, b):
**kwargs  |      return a + b              |      return a + b
          |  def g(**kwargs):              |  kwargs = dict(a=1, b=2)
          |      return f(**kwargs)        |  f(**kwargs)
          |  g(a=1, b=2)                   |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

此表非常方便 总结Lorin Hochstein的答案,但我觉得很有帮助。

相关的:star/splat操作员的用途已在Python 3中

This table is handy for using * and ** in function construction and function call:

            In function construction         In function call
=======================================================================
          |  def f(*args):                 |  def f(a, b):
*args     |      for arg in args:          |      return a + b
          |          print(arg)            |  args = (1, 2)
          |  f(1, 2)                       |  f(*args)
----------|--------------------------------|---------------------------
          |  def f(a, b):                  |  def f(a, b):
**kwargs  |      return a + b              |      return a + b
          |  def g(**kwargs):              |  kwargs = dict(a=1, b=2)
          |      return f(**kwargs)        |  f(**kwargs)
          |  g(a=1, b=2)                   |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

This really just serves to summarize Lorin Hochstein's answer but I find it helpful.

Relatedly: uses for the star/splat operators have been expanded in Python 3

遇到 2025-02-20 11:26:54

tl; dr

以下是* ** 在Python编程中的6种不同用例:

  1. 使用任何数量的位置参数使用使用*args def foo(*args):Pass ,此处 foo 接受任意数量的位置参数,即呼叫有效 foo(1) foo(1,'bar')
  2. 使用 ** Kwargs :< /strong> def foo(** kwargs):通过,在这里'foo'接受任何数量的关键字参数,即 foo(name ='tom') foo(name ='tom',age = 33)
  3. 使用*args,** kwargs : def foo(*args,** kwargs):Pass ,此处 foo 接受任何数字位置和关键字参数,即,以下调用是有效的 foo(1,name ='tom') foo(1,'bar',name ='tom',age = 33 )
  4. 仅使用 *来执行关键字: def foo(pos1,pos2, *,kwarg1):Pass ,此处*表示FOO仅接受POS2之后的关键字参数,因此 foo(1,2,3)升高typeerror,但 foo(1,2,kwarg1 = 3) 还可以。
  5. 使用 *_ (注意:仅是约定): def foo(bar,baz, *_):通过(按照惯例) foo 仅使用 bar baz 在其工作中参数,并且会忽略其他内容。
  6. 使用 ** _ (注意:仅是约定),对更多关键字参数表示不进一步兴趣): def foo(bar,bar,baz,** _ ):通过含义(按照惯例) foo 仅使用 bar baz 在其工作中参数,并且会忽略其他。

奖金:从Python 3.8开始,可以在功能定义中使用/来执行位置参数。在下面的示例中,参数a和b是仅位置 - ,而c或d可以是位置或关键字,而e或f必须为关键字:

def f(a, b, /, c, d, *, e, f):
    pass

奖金2 这个答案也带来了同样的问题透视图,它共享* ** 函数呼叫 function signature ** 在哪里共享什么。 >用于循环,等等。

TL;DR

Below are 6 different use cases for * and ** in python programming:

  1. To accept any number of positional arguments using *args: def foo(*args): pass, here foo accepts any number of positional arguments, i. e., the following calls are valid foo(1), foo(1, 'bar')
  2. To accept any number of keyword arguments using **kwargs: def foo(**kwargs): pass, here 'foo' accepts any number of keyword arguments, i. e., the following calls are valid foo(name='Tom'), foo(name='Tom', age=33)
  3. To accept any number of positional and keyword arguments using *args, **kwargs: def foo(*args, **kwargs): pass, here foo accepts any number of positional and keyword arguments, i. e., the following calls are valid foo(1,name='Tom'), foo(1, 'bar', name='Tom', age=33)
  4. To enforce keyword only arguments using *: def foo(pos1, pos2, *, kwarg1): pass, here * means that foo only accept keyword arguments after pos2, hence foo(1, 2, 3) raises TypeError but foo(1, 2, kwarg1=3) is ok.
  5. To express no further interest in more positional arguments using *_ (Note: this is a convention only): def foo(bar, baz, *_): pass means (by convention) foo only uses bar and baz arguments in its working and will ignore others.
  6. To express no further interest in more keyword arguments using **_ (Note: this is a convention only): def foo(bar, baz, **_): pass means (by convention) foo only uses bar and baz arguments in its working and will ignore others.

BONUS: From python 3.8 onward, one can use / in function definition to enforce positional only parameters. In the following example, parameters a and b are positional-only, while c or d can be positional or keyword, and e or f are required to be keywords:

def f(a, b, /, c, d, *, e, f):
    pass

BONUS 2: THIS ANSWER to the same question also brings a new perspective, where it shares what does * and ** means in a function call, functions signature, for loops, etc.

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