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如何在r中制作现有变量

发布于 2025-02-12 11:14:18 字数 6966 浏览 2 评论 0原文

我有这个具有选举候选人的数据集，我想制作一个新的变量，以指示以前的骑马冠军是否在同一骑行中再次运行。换句话说，我想要一个现有变量，如果上一次选举的获胜者再次在下次选举中再次运行，则将其值为1，如果下次选举中的候选人是新的，则为0选举。因此，在我的数据集的样本中，迪克森（Dickson），乔（Ajax）进行挑选的乔（Joe）赢得了election_id 3900，并恢复了选举4000，因此应将其标记为现任人。此外，在奥沙瓦（Oshawa），从来没有任职者，因此给所有候选人的价值为0。

这是我的数据集的示例，

structure(list(full_name = c("WILLERT, CECILE", "CARVALHO, ANDREW", 
"ASHE, KEVIN", "DICKSON, JOE", "THAVARAJASOORIER, BALA", "DELIS, ANDREW", 
"TOMAN, STEVEN", "MCCARTHY, TODD", "DICKSON, JOE", "WISEMAN, EVAN", 
"NARRAWAY, ADAM", "MCCARTHY, TODD", "DICKSON, JOE", "STEWART, KYLE", 
"KING, JERMAINE", "RHODES, BRENDA", "HALL, SARA", "RICHTER, MATT", 
"MILLER, NORM", "WATERS, CINDY", "RICHTER, MATT", "MILLER, NORM", 
"ZYGANIUK, ALEX", "RICHTER, MATT", "MILLER, NORM", "WATERS, DAN", 
"MOBBLEY, CLYDE", "STIVRINS, ANDY", "KEMP, ALEXANDER", "STREUTKER, JEFFREY", 
"OUELLETTE, JERRY", "RYAN, SID", "MENEZES, JACQUIE", "LEADBETTER, STACEY", 
"BELANGER, MATTHEW", "SHIELDS, MIKE", "FUDGE, BEN", "SMIT, BECKY", 
"FRENCH, JENNIFER"), gender = c("female", "male", "male", "male", 
"male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", 
"male", "male", "male", "female", "female", "male", "male", "female", 
"male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", 
"male", "male", "male", "male", "female", "female", "male", "male", 
"male", "female", "female"), gender_manual = c("", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", ""), gender_probability = c(1, 1, 1, 0.99, 0.92, 1, 1, 
1, 0.99, 0.97, 1, 1, 0.99, 0.99, 0.98, 0.99, 0.99, 1, 1, 1, 1, 
1, 0.87, 1, 1, 0.98, 0.97, 0.95, 1, 1, 0.98, 0.92, 1, 0.98, 1, 
1, 0.99, 1, 1), gender_count = c(427L, 5168L, 5362L, 3679L, 37L, 
5168L, 2600L, 847L, 3679L, 657L, 3957L, 847L, 3679L, 1944L, 80L, 
1816L, 4435L, 4915L, 60L, 2477L, 4915L, 60L, 5856L, 4915L, 60L, 
3240L, 36L, 3139L, 1645L, 932L, 1031L, 71L, 78L, 1034L, 3338L, 
5595L, 3363L, 1447L, 6717L), ballots = c(3067L, 368L, 13898L, 
19857L, 3275L, 299L, 843L, 14718L, 19606L, 5952L, 1589L, 14999L, 
26257L, 301L, 8274L, 9819L, 5015L, 4557L, 17348L, 6537L, 3251L, 
19417L, 6527L, 7484L, 15761L, 10158L, 4999L, 296L, 2474L, 253L, 
15977L, 13482L, 6921L, 1035L, 435L, 14316L, 147L, 1785L, 22232L
), election_date = c("2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", 
"2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", 
"2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", 
"2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", 
"2007-10-10", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", 
"2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", 
"2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2011-10-06", 
"2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2014-06-12", 
"2014-06-12"), election_id = c(3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 
4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 
4100L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 
4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 
4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4100L, 4100L), party = c("GREEN", 
"FAMILY COALITION PARTY OF ONTARIO", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", 
"LIBERAL", "NEW DEMOCRATIC", "ONTARIO LIBERTARIAN PARTY", "GREEN", 
"PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", "LIBERAL", "NEW DEMOCRATIC", "THE GREEN PARTY OF ONTARIO", 
"PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE PARTY OF ONTARIO", "ONTARIO LIBERAL PARTY", 
"ONTARIO LIBERTARIAN PARTY", "NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ONTARIO", 
"LIBERAL", "NEW DEMOCRATIC", "GREEN", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", 
"LIBERAL", "GREEN", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", "NEW DEMOCRATIC", 
"THE GREEN PARTY OF ONTARIO", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE PARTY OF ONTARIO", 
"ONTARIO LIBERAL PARTY", "NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ONTARIO", "FREEDOM", 
"GREEN", "FAMILY COALITION PARTY OF ONTARIO", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", 
"NEW DEMOCRATIC", "LIBERAL", "GREEN", "ONTARIO LIBERTARIAN PARTY", 
"NEW DEMOCRATIC", "FREEDOM", "THE GREEN PARTY OF ONTARIO", "NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ONTARIO"
), party_code = c("", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", ""), party_manual = c("", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", ""), riding = c("AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", 
"AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", 
"AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", 
"AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", 
"AJAX-PICKERING", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", 
"PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", 
"PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", 
"PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", 
"PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", 
"OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", 
"OSHAWA", "OSHAWA"), riding_id = c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 
69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 
61L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 61L), vote_share = c(7.57938959594711, 0.909427900654887, 
34.345730878537, 49.0720375633263, 8.09341406153466, 0.721908349026993, 
2.03534695060119, 35.5352745183254, 47.3369066589406, 14.3705635231059, 
3.09023726176585, 29.1695838195255, 51.0637884091793, 0.5853753403345, 
16.0910151691949, 26.7263670758594, 13.6503443207491, 12.403712675903, 
47.2195759274885, 18.2945259151461, 9.09828724952424, 54.3406470390686, 
18.2665397962611, 19.3395007493927, 40.7282030079074, 26.2494185746033, 
12.9179802573776, 0.7648974107189, 7.68657180140434, 0.786056049213944, 
49.6395948549059, 41.8877772944759, 30.2835389866107, 4.52874770280914, 
1.90338671567341, 62.6411131530585, 0.643213441848254, 7.43223549985427, 
92.5677645001457), won = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, 
FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, 
FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, 
FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, 
FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE), winner = c(0, 
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1)), row.names = c(NA, 
-39L), groups = structure(list(election_id = c(3900L, 3900L, 
3900L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L), riding_id = c(1L, 
61L, 69L, 1L, 61L, 69L, 1L, 61L, 69L), .rows = structure(list(
    1:5, 29:32, 16:19, 6:10, 33:37, 20:23, 11:15, 38:39, 24:28), ptype = integer(0), class = c("vctrs_list_of", 
"vctrs_vctr", "list"))), row.names = c(NA, -9L), class = c("tbl_df", 
"tbl", "data.frame"), .drop = TRUE), class = c("grouped_df", 
"tbl_df", "tbl", "data.frame"))

谢谢！

原文

I have this data-set with electoral candidate and I want to make a new variable that indicates if the previous winner of a riding is running again in the same riding. In other words, I want a incumbent variable that takes the value of 1 if the winner of the previous election is running again in the next election and the value of 0 if the candidate in the next election is either new or has not won the previous election. Thus in the sample of my data-set, DICKSON, JOE in AJAX-PICKERING has won election_id 3900 and is back in the election 4000 and thus should be marked as an incumbent. Furthermore, in OSHAWA, there is never an incumbent so the value of 0 is given to all the candidates.

Here is a sample of my data-set

structure(list(full_name = c("WILLERT, CECILE", "CARVALHO, ANDREW", 
"ASHE, KEVIN", "DICKSON, JOE", "THAVARAJASOORIER, BALA", "DELIS, ANDREW", 
"TOMAN, STEVEN", "MCCARTHY, TODD", "DICKSON, JOE", "WISEMAN, EVAN", 
"NARRAWAY, ADAM", "MCCARTHY, TODD", "DICKSON, JOE", "STEWART, KYLE", 
"KING, JERMAINE", "RHODES, BRENDA", "HALL, SARA", "RICHTER, MATT", 
"MILLER, NORM", "WATERS, CINDY", "RICHTER, MATT", "MILLER, NORM", 
"ZYGANIUK, ALEX", "RICHTER, MATT", "MILLER, NORM", "WATERS, DAN", 
"MOBBLEY, CLYDE", "STIVRINS, ANDY", "KEMP, ALEXANDER", "STREUTKER, JEFFREY", 
"OUELLETTE, JERRY", "RYAN, SID", "MENEZES, JACQUIE", "LEADBETTER, STACEY", 
"BELANGER, MATTHEW", "SHIELDS, MIKE", "FUDGE, BEN", "SMIT, BECKY", 
"FRENCH, JENNIFER"), gender = c("female", "male", "male", "male", 
"male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", 
"male", "male", "male", "female", "female", "male", "male", "female", 
"male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", "male", 
"male", "male", "male", "male", "female", "female", "male", "male", 
"male", "female", "female"), gender_manual = c("", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", ""), gender_probability = c(1, 1, 1, 0.99, 0.92, 1, 1, 
1, 0.99, 0.97, 1, 1, 0.99, 0.99, 0.98, 0.99, 0.99, 1, 1, 1, 1, 
1, 0.87, 1, 1, 0.98, 0.97, 0.95, 1, 1, 0.98, 0.92, 1, 0.98, 1, 
1, 0.99, 1, 1), gender_count = c(427L, 5168L, 5362L, 3679L, 37L, 
5168L, 2600L, 847L, 3679L, 657L, 3957L, 847L, 3679L, 1944L, 80L, 
1816L, 4435L, 4915L, 60L, 2477L, 4915L, 60L, 5856L, 4915L, 60L, 
3240L, 36L, 3139L, 1645L, 932L, 1031L, 71L, 78L, 1034L, 3338L, 
5595L, 3363L, 1447L, 6717L), ballots = c(3067L, 368L, 13898L, 
19857L, 3275L, 299L, 843L, 14718L, 19606L, 5952L, 1589L, 14999L, 
26257L, 301L, 8274L, 9819L, 5015L, 4557L, 17348L, 6537L, 3251L, 
19417L, 6527L, 7484L, 15761L, 10158L, 4999L, 296L, 2474L, 253L, 
15977L, 13482L, 6921L, 1035L, 435L, 14316L, 147L, 1785L, 22232L
), election_date = c("2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", 
"2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", 
"2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", 
"2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", 
"2007-10-10", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", 
"2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", "2014-06-12", 
"2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2007-10-10", "2011-10-06", 
"2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2011-10-06", "2014-06-12", 
"2014-06-12"), election_id = c(3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 
4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 
4100L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 
4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 3900L, 
4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4100L, 4100L), party = c("GREEN", 
"FAMILY COALITION PARTY OF ONTARIO", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", 
"LIBERAL", "NEW DEMOCRATIC", "ONTARIO LIBERTARIAN PARTY", "GREEN", 
"PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", "LIBERAL", "NEW DEMOCRATIC", "THE GREEN PARTY OF ONTARIO", 
"PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE PARTY OF ONTARIO", "ONTARIO LIBERAL PARTY", 
"ONTARIO LIBERTARIAN PARTY", "NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ONTARIO", 
"LIBERAL", "NEW DEMOCRATIC", "GREEN", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", 
"LIBERAL", "GREEN", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", "NEW DEMOCRATIC", 
"THE GREEN PARTY OF ONTARIO", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE PARTY OF ONTARIO", 
"ONTARIO LIBERAL PARTY", "NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ONTARIO", "FREEDOM", 
"GREEN", "FAMILY COALITION PARTY OF ONTARIO", "PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE", 
"NEW DEMOCRATIC", "LIBERAL", "GREEN", "ONTARIO LIBERTARIAN PARTY", 
"NEW DEMOCRATIC", "FREEDOM", "THE GREEN PARTY OF ONTARIO", "NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ONTARIO"
), party_code = c("", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", ""), party_manual = c("", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 
"", "", "", "", "", ""), riding = c("AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", 
"AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", 
"AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", 
"AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", "AJAX-PICKERING", 
"AJAX-PICKERING", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", 
"PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", 
"PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", 
"PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", 
"PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "PARRY SOUND-MUSKOKA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", 
"OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", "OSHAWA", 
"OSHAWA", "OSHAWA"), riding_id = c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 
69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 69L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 
61L, 61L, 61L, 61L, 61L), vote_share = c(7.57938959594711, 0.909427900654887, 
34.345730878537, 49.0720375633263, 8.09341406153466, 0.721908349026993, 
2.03534695060119, 35.5352745183254, 47.3369066589406, 14.3705635231059, 
3.09023726176585, 29.1695838195255, 51.0637884091793, 0.5853753403345, 
16.0910151691949, 26.7263670758594, 13.6503443207491, 12.403712675903, 
47.2195759274885, 18.2945259151461, 9.09828724952424, 54.3406470390686, 
18.2665397962611, 19.3395007493927, 40.7282030079074, 26.2494185746033, 
12.9179802573776, 0.7648974107189, 7.68657180140434, 0.786056049213944, 
49.6395948549059, 41.8877772944759, 30.2835389866107, 4.52874770280914, 
1.90338671567341, 62.6411131530585, 0.643213441848254, 7.43223549985427, 
92.5677645001457), won = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, 
FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, 
FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, 
FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, 
FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE), winner = c(0, 
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1)), row.names = c(NA, 
-39L), groups = structure(list(election_id = c(3900L, 3900L, 
3900L, 4000L, 4000L, 4000L, 4100L, 4100L, 4100L), riding_id = c(1L, 
61L, 69L, 1L, 61L, 69L, 1L, 61L, 69L), .rows = structure(list(
    1:5, 29:32, 16:19, 6:10, 33:37, 20:23, 11:15, 38:39, 24:28), ptype = integer(0), class = c("vctrs_list_of", 
"vctrs_vctr", "list"))), row.names = c(NA, -9L), class = c("tbl_df", 
"tbl", "data.frame"), .drop = TRUE), class = c("grouped_df", 
"tbl_df", "tbl", "data.frame"))

Thanks!

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稳稳的幸福 2025-02-19 11:14:18

我认为这就是您所追求的。我试图仅选择相关列来验证结果（下次，请仅分享相关的列以关注问题！）

df %>%
  group_by(riding_id, full_name) %>%
  mutate(incumbent = lag(winner, default = 0, order_by = election_date)) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  ## delete this last select after verifying this works
  select(riding, election_date, full_name, winner, incumbent)
# # A tibble: 39 × 5
#    riding         election_date full_name              winner incumbent
#    <chr>          <chr>         <chr>                   <dbl>     <dbl>
#  1 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    WILLERT, CECILE             0         0
#  2 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    CARVALHO, ANDREW            0         0
#  3 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    ASHE, KEVIN                 0         0
#  4 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    DICKSON, JOE                1         0
#  5 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    THAVARAJASOORIER, BALA      0         0
#  6 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    DELIS, ANDREW               0         0
#  7 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    TOMAN, STEVEN               0         0
#  8 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    MCCARTHY, TODD              0         0
#  9 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    DICKSON, JOE                1         1
# 10 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    WISEMAN, EVAN               0         0
# # … with 29 more rows

这是检查候选人是否在同一骑行中的前选举中是否是候选人。 Bug如果候选人获胜，然后跳过选举，然后在同一骑行中再次跑步 - 上述代码将把他们作为现任人标记为企业，因为他们赢得了前一次跑步，尽管那不是上一次选举。纠正这将更加棘手 - 让我知道这是否是一个问题。

I think this is what you're after. I tried to select only relevant columns to verify the result (next time please share only relevant columns to focus on the problem!)

df %>%
  group_by(riding_id, full_name) %>%
  mutate(incumbent = lag(winner, default = 0, order_by = election_date)) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  ## delete this last select after verifying this works
  select(riding, election_date, full_name, winner, incumbent)
# # A tibble: 39 × 5
#    riding         election_date full_name              winner incumbent
#    <chr>          <chr>         <chr>                   <dbl>     <dbl>
#  1 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    WILLERT, CECILE             0         0
#  2 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    CARVALHO, ANDREW            0         0
#  3 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    ASHE, KEVIN                 0         0
#  4 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    DICKSON, JOE                1         0
#  5 AJAX-PICKERING 2007-10-10    THAVARAJASOORIER, BALA      0         0
#  6 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    DELIS, ANDREW               0         0
#  7 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    TOMAN, STEVEN               0         0
#  8 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    MCCARTHY, TODD              0         0
#  9 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    DICKSON, JOE                1         1
# 10 AJAX-PICKERING 2011-10-06    WISEMAN, EVAN               0         0
# # … with 29 more rows

This is checking if the candidate one the previous election in the same riding that they were a candidate in. There's a potential bug if a candidate won, then skipped an election, and then ran again in the same riding--the above code would flag them as an incumbent because they won the previous time they ran, even though that was not the previous election. Correcting for that will be trickier - let me know if that's a concern.

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