GCC，ARM Cortex，Collect.2.EXE：错误：LD返回1退出

发布于 2025-02-09 06:35:14 字数 8419 浏览 1 评论 0原文

我有这个makefile，我试图使用cygwin进行编译。我有此链接器错误make collect2.exe：错误：ld返回1退出状态错误，我不知道如何摆脱它。

######################################
# target
######################################
TARGET = blinkingled


######################################
# building variables
######################################

# optimization
OPT = -Og


#######################################
# paths
#######################################
# Build path
BUILD_DIR = build

######################################
# source
######################################
# C sources
SRCS      = main_cm0plus.c
SRCS      += system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c
SRCS      += startup.c
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/adc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/canfd/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/cpu/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/crypto/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/dma/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/evtgen/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/flash/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/gpio/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/ipc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/lin/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/lvd/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/mcwdt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/mpu/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/prot/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/scb/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/smartio/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/srom/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysclk/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysflt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysint/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syslib/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syspm/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysreset/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysrtc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/systick/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syswdt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/tcpwm/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/trigmux/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/interrupts/rev_d/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/mw/button/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/mw/flash/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/semihosting/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/swtimer/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/startup/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/system/*.c)

# ASM sources
ASM_SOURCES =  "C:/data/traveo/TVII_Sample_Driver_Library_7.1.0/tviibe1m/src/startup_cm0plus.s"
#startup_cm0plus.s 


#######################################
# binaries
#######################################
PREFIX = arm-none-eabi-
# The gcc compiler bin path can be either defined in make command via GCC_PATH variable (> make GCC_PATH=xxx)
# either it can be added to the PATH environment variable.
ifdef GCC_PATH
CC = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)gcc
AS = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)gcc -x assembler-with-cpp
CP = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)objcopy
SZ = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)size
else
CC = $(PREFIX)gcc
AS = $(PREFIX)gcc -x assembler-with-cpp
CP = $(PREFIX)objcopy
SZ = $(PREFIX)size
endif
HEX = $(CP) -O ihex
BIN = $(CP) -O binary -S
 
#######################################
# CFLAGS
#######################################
# cpu
CPU = -mcpu=cortex-m0plus

# fpu
FPU = -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16

# float-abi
FLOAT-ABI = -mfloat-abi=soft

# mcu
MCU = $(CPU) -mthumb $(FPU) $(FLOAT-ABI)

# macros for gcc
# AS defines
AS_DEFS = 

# C defines
#C_DEFS = ../../


# AS includes
AS_INCLUDES = 

# C includes

INCDIRS = ../../common/hdr
INCDIRS += ../../common/hdr/cmsis/include
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/sysclk
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/flash
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/syslib
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/mcwdt
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d/ip
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/src/system/rev_d
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d/mcureg
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/src/drivers/
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/syswdt
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/mw

INCLUDE   = $(addprefix -I,$(INCDIRS))

# compile gcc flags
ASFLAGS = $(MCU) $(AS_DEFS) $(AS_INCLUDES) $(OPT) -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections

CFLAGS = $(MCU) $(C_INCLUDES) $(OPT) -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -mthumb -mno-thumb-interwork -mfpu=vfp -msoft-float  

ifeq ($(DEBUG), 1)
CFLAGS += -g -gdwarf-2
endif

# My C flags:
CFLAGS += -Wno-unused-variable

# Generate dependency information
CFLAGS += -MMD -MP -MF"$(@:%.o=%.d)"


#######################################
# LDFLAGS
#######################################
# link script
LDSCRIPT = "c:/data/traveo/TVII_Sample_Driver_Library_7.1.0/tviibe1m/src/linker.ld"

# libraries
LIBS = -lc -lm -lnosys 
LIBDIR = 
LDFLAGS = $(MCU) --specs=nano.specs -T$(LDSCRIPT) $(LIBDIR) $(LIBS) -Wl,-Map=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET).map,--cref -Wl,--gc-sections

# default action: build all

all: $(TARGET)
blinkingled: main_cm0plus.o system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o startup.o
    $(CC) $^ -o $@
    
    
main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c 
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) main_cm0plus.c
    
system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o: system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c cy_project.h cy_device_headers.h 
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c
    
    
startup.o: startup.c startup_customize.h
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) startup.c
    
BIN_NAME  = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR), $(TARGET))

.PHONY: all
all: $(BIN_NAME).elf
all: $(BIN_NAME).bin
all: $(BIN_NAME).s19
all: $(BIN_NAME).hex
all: $(BIN_NAME).lst
all: print_size


%.bin: %.elf
    $(CP) -O binary -S $< $@

%.s19: %.elf
    $(CP) -O srec -S $< $@

%.hex: %.elf
    $(OBJCOPY) -O ihex -S $< $@

%.lst: %.elf
    $(CP) -d $< > $@

.PHONY: print_size
print_size: $(BIN_NAME).elf
    $(SIZE) $<



#######################################
# build the application
#######################################
# list of objects
OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o)))
vpath %.c $(sort $(dir $(C_SOURCES)))
# list of ASM program objects
OBJECTS += $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(ASM_SOURCES:.s=.o)))
vpath %.s $(sort $(dir $(ASM_SOURCES)))

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.c makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) 
    $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -Wa,-a,-ad,-alms=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(notdir $(<:.c=.lst)) $< -o $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.s makefile | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(AS) -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS) makefile
    $(CC) $(OBJECTS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
    $(SZ) $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.hex: $(BUILD_DIR)/%.elf | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(HEX) $< $@
    
$(BUILD_DIR)/%.bin: $(BUILD_DIR)/%.elf | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(BIN) $< $@    
    
$(BUILD_DIR):
    mkdir $@        

#######################################
# clean up
#######################################
clean:
    -rm -fR $(BUILD_DIR)
  
#######################################
# dependencies
#######################################
-include $(wildcard $(BUILD_DIR)/*.d)

# *** EOF ***

这是IM收到的错误：

c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi
-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libc.a(lib_a-exit.o): in function `exit':
exit.c:(.text.exit+0x18): undefined reference to `_exit'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: C:\cygwin64\tmp\cc8Euh2e.o
: in function `main':
main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main+0x2): undefined reference to `SystemInit'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main
+0xa): undefined reference to `Cy_SysEnableApplCore'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main
+0x14): undefined reference to `Cy_GPIO_Pin_Init'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main
+0x1a): undefined reference to `Cy_SysTick_DelayInUs'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main
+0x28): undefined reference to `__cm4_vector_base_linker_symbol'
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [makefile:172: main_cm0plus.o] Error 1

第172行是：

main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c 
        $(CC) $(CFLAGS) main_cm0plus.c

有人知道如何解决此问题吗？谢谢

原文

I have this makefile and Im trying to compile using cygwin.
I have this linker error make collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status error, and I don't know how to get rid of it.

######################################
# target
######################################
TARGET = blinkingled


######################################
# building variables
######################################

# optimization
OPT = -Og


#######################################
# paths
#######################################
# Build path
BUILD_DIR = build

######################################
# source
######################################
# C sources
SRCS      = main_cm0plus.c
SRCS      += system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c
SRCS      += startup.c
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/adc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/canfd/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/cpu/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/crypto/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/dma/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/evtgen/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/flash/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/gpio/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/ipc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/lin/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/lvd/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/mcwdt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/mpu/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/prot/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/scb/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/smartio/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/srom/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysclk/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysflt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysint/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syslib/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syspm/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysreset/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysrtc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/systick/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syswdt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/tcpwm/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/trigmux/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/interrupts/rev_d/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/mw/button/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/mw/flash/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/semihosting/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/swtimer/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/startup/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/system/*.c)

# ASM sources
ASM_SOURCES =  "C:/data/traveo/TVII_Sample_Driver_Library_7.1.0/tviibe1m/src/startup_cm0plus.s"
#startup_cm0plus.s 


#######################################
# binaries
#######################################
PREFIX = arm-none-eabi-
# The gcc compiler bin path can be either defined in make command via GCC_PATH variable (> make GCC_PATH=xxx)
# either it can be added to the PATH environment variable.
ifdef GCC_PATH
CC = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)gcc
AS = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)gcc -x assembler-with-cpp
CP = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)objcopy
SZ = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)size
else
CC = $(PREFIX)gcc
AS = $(PREFIX)gcc -x assembler-with-cpp
CP = $(PREFIX)objcopy
SZ = $(PREFIX)size
endif
HEX = $(CP) -O ihex
BIN = $(CP) -O binary -S
 
#######################################
# CFLAGS
#######################################
# cpu
CPU = -mcpu=cortex-m0plus

# fpu
FPU = -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16

# float-abi
FLOAT-ABI = -mfloat-abi=soft

# mcu
MCU = $(CPU) -mthumb $(FPU) $(FLOAT-ABI)

# macros for gcc
# AS defines
AS_DEFS = 

# C defines
#C_DEFS = ../../


# AS includes
AS_INCLUDES = 

# C includes

INCDIRS = ../../common/hdr
INCDIRS += ../../common/hdr/cmsis/include
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/sysclk
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/flash
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/syslib
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/mcwdt
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d/ip
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/src/system/rev_d
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d/mcureg
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/src/drivers/
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/syswdt
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/mw

INCLUDE   = $(addprefix -I,$(INCDIRS))

# compile gcc flags
ASFLAGS = $(MCU) $(AS_DEFS) $(AS_INCLUDES) $(OPT) -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections

CFLAGS = $(MCU) $(C_INCLUDES) $(OPT) -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -mthumb -mno-thumb-interwork -mfpu=vfp -msoft-float  

ifeq ($(DEBUG), 1)
CFLAGS += -g -gdwarf-2
endif

# My C flags:
CFLAGS += -Wno-unused-variable

# Generate dependency information
CFLAGS += -MMD -MP -MF"$(@:%.o=%.d)"


#######################################
# LDFLAGS
#######################################
# link script
LDSCRIPT = "c:/data/traveo/TVII_Sample_Driver_Library_7.1.0/tviibe1m/src/linker.ld"

# libraries
LIBS = -lc -lm -lnosys 
LIBDIR = 
LDFLAGS = $(MCU) --specs=nano.specs -T$(LDSCRIPT) $(LIBDIR) $(LIBS) -Wl,-Map=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET).map,--cref -Wl,--gc-sections

# default action: build all

all: $(TARGET)
blinkingled: main_cm0plus.o system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o startup.o
    $(CC) $^ -o $@
    
    
main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c 
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) main_cm0plus.c
    
system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o: system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c cy_project.h cy_device_headers.h 
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c
    
    
startup.o: startup.c startup_customize.h
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) startup.c
    
BIN_NAME  = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR), $(TARGET))

.PHONY: all
all: $(BIN_NAME).elf
all: $(BIN_NAME).bin
all: $(BIN_NAME).s19
all: $(BIN_NAME).hex
all: $(BIN_NAME).lst
all: print_size


%.bin: %.elf
    $(CP) -O binary -S lt; $@

%.s19: %.elf
    $(CP) -O srec -S lt; $@

%.hex: %.elf
    $(OBJCOPY) -O ihex -S lt; $@

%.lst: %.elf
    $(CP) -d lt; > $@

.PHONY: print_size
print_size: $(BIN_NAME).elf
    $(SIZE) lt;



#######################################
# build the application
#######################################
# list of objects
OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o)))
vpath %.c $(sort $(dir $(C_SOURCES)))
# list of ASM program objects
OBJECTS += $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(ASM_SOURCES:.s=.o)))
vpath %.s $(sort $(dir $(ASM_SOURCES)))

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.c makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) 
    $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -Wa,-a,-ad,-alms=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(notdir $(<:.c=.lst)) lt; -o $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.s makefile | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(AS) -c $(CFLAGS) lt; -o $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS) makefile
    $(CC) $(OBJECTS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
    $(SZ) $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.hex: $(BUILD_DIR)/%.elf | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(HEX) lt; $@
    
$(BUILD_DIR)/%.bin: $(BUILD_DIR)/%.elf | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(BIN) lt; $@    
    
$(BUILD_DIR):
    mkdir $@        

#######################################
# clean up
#######################################
clean:
    -rm -fR $(BUILD_DIR)
  
#######################################
# dependencies
#######################################
-include $(wildcard $(BUILD_DIR)/*.d)

# *** EOF ***

this is the error im getting:

c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi
-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libc.a(lib_a-exit.o): in function `exit':
exit.c:(.text.exit+0x18): undefined reference to `_exit'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: C:\cygwin64\tmp\cc8Euh2e.o
: in function `main':
main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main+0x2): undefined reference to `SystemInit'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main
+0xa): undefined reference to `Cy_SysEnableApplCore'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main
+0x14): undefined reference to `Cy_GPIO_Pin_Init'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main
+0x1a): undefined reference to `Cy_SysTick_DelayInUs'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main
+0x28): undefined reference to `__cm4_vector_base_linker_symbol'
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [makefile:172: main_cm0plus.o] Error 1

line 172 is:

main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c 
        $(CC) $(CFLAGS) main_cm0plus.c

Does anyone know how to solve this problem?
thanks

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千纸鹤带着心事 2025-02-16 06:35:14

您需要将源文件编译到对象文件中：将main_cm0plus.c转换为main_cm0plus.o。

这些错误清楚地表明您正在尝试将此文件链接到可执行文件中。

编译器根据您给出的标志来决定要生成的内容。默认行为是获取命令行参数并创建可执行文件。如果要生成对象文件，则告诉编译器仅通过添加-C选项来执行这些步骤（请参阅编译器的文档）。

因此，您的makefile规则是错误的，应该是：（

main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c
        $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) main_cm0plus.c

注意，在此处添加-c选项）。更好的是使用自动变量：

main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c
        $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ lt;

只需请注意，您的其他模式规则编译文件，还有许多其他标志，您也可能需要。您应该问自己为什么要为这些特定源文件编写新规则，而不是使用默认模式规则。

You want to compile a source file into an object file: turning main_cm0plus.c into main_cm0plus.o.

These errors clearly show that you are trying to LINK this file into an executable, instead.

The compiler decides what to generate based on what flags you give it. The default behavior is to take the command line arguments and create an executable. If you want to generate an object file, you tell the compiler to only do those steps by adding the -c option (see the documentation for your compiler).

So, your makefile rule is wrong, it should be:

main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c
        $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) main_cm0plus.c

(note, adding the -c option here). Even better is to use automatic variables:

main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c
        $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ lt;

Just note that your other pattern rule that compiles files, has a lot of other flags there which you may also need. You should ask yourself why you're writing new rules for these specific source files, instead of using the default pattern rule.

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