make collect2.exe：错误：ld返回1退出状态错误

Question

我有这个makefile，当我与make cygwin进行编译时，它说： 制作：collect2.exe：错误：ld返回1退出状态

######################################
# target
######################################
TARGET = blinkingled


######################################
# building variables
######################################
# debug build?
#DEBUG = 1
# optimization
OPT = -Og


#######################################
# paths
#######################################
# Build path
BUILD_DIR = build

######################################
# source
######################################
# C sources
SRCS      = main_cm0plus.c
SRCS      += system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c
SRCS      += startup.c
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/adc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/canfd/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/cpu/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/crypto/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/dma/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/evtgen/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/flash/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/gpio/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/ipc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/lin/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/lvd/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/mcwdt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/mpu/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/prot/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/scb/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/smartio/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/srom/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysclk/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysflt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysint/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syslib/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syspm/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysreset/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/sysrtc/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/systick/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/syswdt/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/tcpwm/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/drivers/trigmux/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/interrupts/rev_d/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/mw/button/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/mw/flash/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/semihosting/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/swtimer/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/startup/*.c)
SRCS      += $(wildcard src/system/*.c)

# ASM sources
ASM_SOURCES =  "C:/data/traveo/TVII_Sample_Driver_Library_7.1.0/tviibe1m/src/startup_cm0plus.s"
#startup_cm0plus.s 


#######################################
# binaries
#######################################
PREFIX = arm-none-eabi-
# The gcc compiler bin path can be either defined in make command via GCC_PATH variable (> make GCC_PATH=xxx)
# either it can be added to the PATH environment variable.
ifdef GCC_PATH
CC = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)gcc
AS = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)gcc -x assembler-with-cpp
CP = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)objcopy
SZ = $(GCC_PATH)/$(PREFIX)size
else
CC = $(PREFIX)gcc
AS = $(PREFIX)gcc -x assembler-with-cpp
CP = $(PREFIX)objcopy
SZ = $(PREFIX)size
endif
HEX = $(CP) -O ihex
BIN = $(CP) -O binary -S
 
#######################################
# CFLAGS
#######################################
# cpu
CPU = -mcpu=cortex-m0plus

# fpu
FPU = -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16

# float-abi
FLOAT-ABI = -mfloat-abi=soft

# mcu
MCU = $(CPU) -mthumb $(FPU) $(FLOAT-ABI)

# macros for gcc
# AS defines
AS_DEFS = 

# C defines
#C_DEFS = ../../


# AS includes
AS_INCLUDES = 

# C includes

INCDIRS = ../../common/hdr
INCDIRS += ../../common/hdr/cmsis/include
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/sysclk
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/flash
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/syslib
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/mcwdt
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d/ip
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/src/system/rev_d
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/hdr/rev_d/mcureg
INCDIRS += ../../tviibe1m/src/drivers/
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/drivers/syswdt
INCDIRS += ../../common/src/mw

INCLUDE   = $(addprefix -I,$(INCDIRS))

# compile gcc flags
ASFLAGS = $(MCU) $(AS_DEFS) $(AS_INCLUDES) $(OPT) -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections

CFLAGS = $(MCU) $(C_DEFS) $(C_INCLUDES) $(OPT) -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections

ifeq ($(DEBUG), 1)
CFLAGS += -g -gdwarf-2
endif

# My C flags:
CFLAGS += -Wno-unused-variable

# Generate dependency information
CFLAGS += -MMD -MP -MF"$(@:%.o=%.d)"


#######################################
# LDFLAGS
#######################################
# link script
LDSCRIPT = "c:/data/traveo/TVII_Sample_Driver_Library_7.1.0/tviibe1m/src/linker.ld"

# libraries
LIBS = -lc -lm -lnosys 
LIBDIR = 
LDFLAGS = $(MCU) -specs=nano.specs -T$(LDSCRIPT) $(LIBDIR) $(LIBS) -Wl,-Map=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET).map,--cref -Wl,--gc-sections

# default action: build all


all: $(TARGET)
blinkingled: main_cm0plus.o system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o startup.o
    $(CC) $^ -o $@
    
    
main_cm0plus.o: main_cm0plus.c 
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) main_cm0plus.c
    
system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o: system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c cy_project.h cy_device_headers.h 
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.c
    
    
startup.o: startup.c startup_customize.h
    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) startup.c
    
BIN_NAME  = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR), $(TARGET))

.PHONY: all
all: $(BIN_NAME).elf
all: $(BIN_NAME).bin
all: $(BIN_NAME).s19
all: $(BIN_NAME).hex
all: $(BIN_NAME).lst
all: print_size


%.bin: %.elf
    $(CP) -O binary -S $< $@

%.s19: %.elf
    $(CP) -O srec -S $< $@

%.hex: %.elf
    $(OBJCOPY) -O ihex -S $< $@

%.lst: %.elf
    $(CP) -d $< > $@

.PHONY: print_size
print_size: $(BIN_NAME).elf
    $(SIZE) $<



#######################################
# build the application
#######################################
# list of objects
OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o)))
vpath %.c $(sort $(dir $(C_SOURCES)))
# list of ASM program objects
OBJECTS += $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(ASM_SOURCES:.s=.o)))
vpath %.s $(sort $(dir $(ASM_SOURCES)))

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.c makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) 
    $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -Wa,-a,-ad,-alms=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(notdir $(<:.c=.lst)) $< -o $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.s makefile | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(AS) -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS) makefile
    $(CC) $(OBJECTS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
    $(SZ) $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.hex: $(BUILD_DIR)/%.elf | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(HEX) $< $@
    
$(BUILD_DIR)/%.bin: $(BUILD_DIR)/%.elf | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(BIN) $< $@    
    
$(BUILD_DIR):
    mkdir $@        

#######################################
# clean up
#######################################
clean:
    -rm -fR $(BUILD_DIR)
  
#######################################
# dependencies
#######################################
-include $(wildcard $(BUILD_DIR)/*.d)

# *** EOF ***

错误：

c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-no
ne-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v6-m/nofp\libc.a(lib_a-exit.o): in function `exit':
exit.c:(.text.exit+0x18): undefined reference to `_exit'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: C:\cygwin64\tmp\ccHNkyd5.o: in function `main':
main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main+0x2): undefined reference to `SystemInit'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main+0xa): undefined reference to `Cy_SysEn
ableApplCore'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main+0x14): undefined reference to `Cy_GPIO
_Pin_Init'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main+0x1a): undefined reference to `Cy_SysT
ick_DelayInUs'
c:/tools/gcc-arm-none-eabi-10-2020-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: main_cm0plus.c:(.text.main+0x28): undefined reference to `__cm4_v
ector_base_linker_symbol'
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [makefile:173: main_cm0plus.o] Error 1

有人知道如何解决此问题吗？ 我正在尝试从这个makefile产生十六进制和精灵。 另外，我将感谢Makefile上的任何提示/更正。我试图眨眼一个LED，但我对Makefiles的手臂开发非常新 谢谢

Answer 1

请考虑以下问题：

all: blinkingled

blink: main_cm0plus.o system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o startup.o
        $(CC) main_cm0plus.o system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o startup.o -o blinkingled

在这里您有两个定义两个目标的规则：所有目标取决于先决条件blinkingled 和blink目标，取决于一堆对象文件。

当使blink目标调用时，它实际上会创建一个名为blinkingled的文件。这是错误的。 MAKE只知道您在Makefile中告诉它，它无法知道您对食谱会做什么撒谎。如果您使用名为blink的目标定义规则，则让您相信您提供的食谱将创建一个名为blink的目标。

您需要更改食谱，以便您告诉真相使目标与构建的文件匹配：

blinkingled: main_cm0plus.o system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o startup.o
        $(CC) main_cm0plus.o system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o startup.o -o blinkingled

现在一切都可以。

更好的是使用make's 自动变量食谱，因此您知道您正在创建目标的期望（另外，干燥是编程的重要原则）：

blinkingled: main_cm0plus.o system_tviibe1m_cm0plus.o startup.o
        $(CC) $^ -o $@