Python是否支持短路?

发布于 2025-01-24 13:51:48 字数 26 浏览 4 评论 0 原文

Python是否支持布尔表达中的短路?

Does Python support short-circuiting in boolean expressions?

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﹂绝世的画 2025-01-31 13:51:48

是的,和或操作员短路 - 请参阅文档

Yep, both and and or operators short-circuit -- see the docs.

野生奥特曼 2025-01-31 13:51:48

操作员中的短路行为

让我们首先定义一个有用的功能来确定是否执行某些内容。一个简单的功能,该功能接受参数,打印消息并返回输入不变的输入。

>>> def fun(i):
...     print "executed"
...     return i
... 

人们可以观察 python的短路行为和的a>,在以下示例中:

>>> fun(1)
executed
1
>>> 1 or fun(1)    # due to short-circuiting  "executed" not printed
1
>>> 1 and fun(1)   # fun(1) called and "executed" printed 
executed
1
>>> 0 and fun(1)   # due to short-circuiting  "executed" not printed 
0

注意: 由解释器考虑以下值表示false:

        False    None    0    ""    ()    []     {}

shortCircuiting函数中的行为:任何() all(

)任何“ rel =“ noreferrer”> 任何() all() 功能也支持短路。如文档所示;他们评估顺序序列的每个元素,直到找到允许评估中提早退出的结果。考虑下面的示例以了解两者。

函数 any() 检查是否有元素是正确的。一旦遇到真实,它就会停止执行并返回真实。

>>> any(fun(i) for i in [1, 2, 3, 4])   # bool(1) = True
executed
True
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [0, 2, 3, 4])   
executed                               # bool(0) = False
executed                               # bool(2) = True
True
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
executed
True

函数 all() 检查所有元素是真实的,一旦遇到错误,就停止执行:

>>> all(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
False
>>> all(fun(i) for i in [1, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
False

链式比较中的短路行为:

此外,在Python中

可以任意链接;例如, x< y< = z 等效于 x< y和y< = z ,除了仅评估 y 一次(但在这两种情况下,当 x&lt时,根本不评估 z y 是错误的)。

>>> 5 > 6 > fun(3)    # same as:  5 > 6 and 6 > fun(3)
False                 # 5 > 6 is False so fun() not called and "executed" NOT printed
>>> 5 < 6 > fun(3)    # 5 < 6 is True 
executed              # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
True
>>> 4 <= 6 > fun(7)   # 4 <= 6 is True  
executed              # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) < 3    # only prints "executed" once
executed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) and fun(6) < 3 # prints "executed" twice, because the second part executes it again
executed
executed
False

编辑:
还有一个有趣的点要注意: - 逻辑 ,或 Python中的操作员返回操作数的 value 而不是boolean( true false )。例如:

操作 x和y 如果x为false,则给出结果,则x,el y

与其他语言不同,例如&amp;&amp; 0或1的操作员

>>> 3 and 5    # Second operand evaluated and returned 
5                   
>>> 3  and ()
()
>>> () and 5   # Second operand NOT evaluated as first operand () is  false
()             # so first operand returned 

|| 返回 /code> == true 否则最多的错误值(根据短路行为),示例:

>>> 2 or 5    # left most operand bool(2) == True
2    
>>> 0 or 5    # bool(0) == False and bool(5) == True
5
>>> 0 or ()
()

那么,这有用?一个示例在实用的python Magnus Lie Hetland:
假设用户应该输入他或她的名字,但可以选择什么都不输入,在这种情况下,您想使用默认值'&lt; unknokey'
您可以使用if语句,但也可以非常简洁地陈述:

In [171]: name = raw_input('Enter Name: ') or '<Unknown>'
Enter Name: 

In [172]: name
Out[172]: '<Unknown>'

换句话说,如果 raw_input 是true的返回值(不是一个空字符串),则将其分配给名称(没有任何更改);否则,将默认的'&lt; unknown&gt;'分配给 name

Short-circuiting behavior in operator and, or:

Let's first define a useful function to determine if something is executed or not. A simple function that accepts an argument, prints a message and returns the input, unchanged.

>>> def fun(i):
...     print "executed"
...     return i
... 

One can observe the Python's short-circuiting behavior of and, or operators in the following example:

>>> fun(1)
executed
1
>>> 1 or fun(1)    # due to short-circuiting  "executed" not printed
1
>>> 1 and fun(1)   # fun(1) called and "executed" printed 
executed
1
>>> 0 and fun(1)   # due to short-circuiting  "executed" not printed 
0

Note: The following values are considered by the interpreter to mean false:

        False    None    0    ""    ()    []     {}

Short-circuiting behavior in function: any(), all():

Python's any() and all() functions also support short-circuiting. As shown in the docs; they evaluate each element of a sequence in-order, until finding a result that allows an early exit in the evaluation. Consider examples below to understand both.

The function any() checks if any element is True. It stops executing as soon as a True is encountered and returns True.

>>> any(fun(i) for i in [1, 2, 3, 4])   # bool(1) = True
executed
True
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [0, 2, 3, 4])   
executed                               # bool(0) = False
executed                               # bool(2) = True
True
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
executed
True

The function all() checks all elements are True and stops executing as soon as a False is encountered:

>>> all(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
False
>>> all(fun(i) for i in [1, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
False

Short-circuiting behavior in Chained Comparison:

Additionally, in Python

Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example, x < y <= z is equivalent to x < y and y <= z, except that y is evaluated only once (but in both cases z is not evaluated at all when x < y is found to be false).

>>> 5 > 6 > fun(3)    # same as:  5 > 6 and 6 > fun(3)
False                 # 5 > 6 is False so fun() not called and "executed" NOT printed
>>> 5 < 6 > fun(3)    # 5 < 6 is True 
executed              # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
True
>>> 4 <= 6 > fun(7)   # 4 <= 6 is True  
executed              # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) < 3    # only prints "executed" once
executed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) and fun(6) < 3 # prints "executed" twice, because the second part executes it again
executed
executed
False

Edit:
One more interesting point to note :- Logical and, or operators in Python returns an operand's value instead of a Boolean (True or False). For example:

Operation x and y gives the result if x is false, then x, else y

Unlike in other languages e.g. &&, || operators in C that return either 0 or 1.

Examples:

>>> 3 and 5    # Second operand evaluated and returned 
5                   
>>> 3  and ()
()
>>> () and 5   # Second operand NOT evaluated as first operand () is  false
()             # so first operand returned 

Similarly or operator return left most value for which bool(value) == True else right most false value (according to short-circuiting behavior), examples:

>>> 2 or 5    # left most operand bool(2) == True
2    
>>> 0 or 5    # bool(0) == False and bool(5) == True
5
>>> 0 or ()
()

So, how is this useful? One example is given in Practical Python By Magnus Lie Hetland:
Let’s say a user is supposed to enter his or her name, but may opt to enter nothing, in which case you want to use the default value '<Unknown>'.
You could use an if statement, but you could also state things very succinctly:

In [171]: name = raw_input('Enter Name: ') or '<Unknown>'
Enter Name: 

In [172]: name
Out[172]: '<Unknown>'

In other words, if the return value from raw_input is true (not an empty string), it is assigned to name (nothing changes); otherwise, the default '<Unknown>' is assigned to name.

过潦 2025-01-31 13:51:48

是的。在Python解释器中尝试以下内容:

>>>False and 3/0
False
>>>True and 3/0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

>>>True or 3/0
True
>>>False or 3/0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

Yes. Try the following in your python interpreter:

and

>>>False and 3/0
False
>>>True and 3/0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

or

>>>True or 3/0
True
>>>False or 3/0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
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