>>> fun(1)
executed
1
>>> 1 or fun(1) # due to short-circuiting "executed" not printed
1
>>> 1 and fun(1) # fun(1) called and "executed" printed
executed
1
>>> 0 and fun(1) # due to short-circuiting "executed" not printed
0
>>> all(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
False
>>> all(fun(i) for i in [1, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
False
链式比较中的短路行为:
此外,在Python中
可以任意链接;例如, x< y< = z 等效于 x< y和y< = z ,除了仅评估 y 一次(但在这两种情况下,当 x&lt时,根本不评估 z y 是错误的)。
>>> 5 > 6 > fun(3) # same as: 5 > 6 and 6 > fun(3)
False # 5 > 6 is False so fun() not called and "executed" NOT printed
>>> 5 < 6 > fun(3) # 5 < 6 is True
executed # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
True
>>> 4 <= 6 > fun(7) # 4 <= 6 is True
executed # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) < 3 # only prints "executed" once
executed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) and fun(6) < 3 # prints "executed" twice, because the second part executes it again
executed
executed
False
>>> 3 and 5 # Second operand evaluated and returned
5
>>> 3 and ()
()
>>> () and 5 # Second operand NOT evaluated as first operand () is false
() # so first operand returned
, || 返回 /code> == true 否则最多的错误值(根据短路行为),示例:
>>> 2 or 5 # left most operand bool(2) == True
2
>>> 0 or 5 # bool(0) == False and bool(5) == True
5
>>> 0 or ()
()
那么,这有用?一个示例在实用的python Magnus Lie Hetland:
假设用户应该输入他或她的名字,但可以选择什么都不输入,在这种情况下,您想使用默认值'&lt; unknokey'。
您可以使用if语句,但也可以非常简洁地陈述:
In [171]: name = raw_input('Enter Name: ') or '<Unknown>'
Enter Name:
In [172]: name
Out[172]: '<Unknown>'
换句话说,如果 raw_input 是true的返回值(不是一个空字符串),则将其分配给名称(没有任何更改);否则,将默认的'&lt; unknown&gt;'分配给 name 。
Short-circuiting behavior in operator and, or:
Let's first define a useful function to determine if something is executed or not. A simple function that accepts an argument, prints a message and returns the input, unchanged.
>>> def fun(i):
... print "executed"
... return i
...
>>> fun(1)
executed
1
>>> 1 or fun(1) # due to short-circuiting "executed" not printed
1
>>> 1 and fun(1) # fun(1) called and "executed" printed
executed
1
>>> 0 and fun(1) # due to short-circuiting "executed" not printed
0
Note: The following values are considered by the interpreter to mean false:
False None 0 "" () [] {}
Short-circuiting behavior in function: any(), all():
Python's any() and all() functions also support short-circuiting. As shown in the docs; they evaluate each element of a sequence in-order, until finding a result that allows an early exit in the evaluation. Consider examples below to understand both.
The function any() checks if any element is True. It stops executing as soon as a True is encountered and returns True.
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [1, 2, 3, 4]) # bool(1) = True
executed
True
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [0, 2, 3, 4])
executed # bool(0) = False
executed # bool(2) = True
True
>>> any(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
executed
True
The function all() checks all elements are True and stops executing as soon as a False is encountered:
>>> all(fun(i) for i in [0, 0, 3, 4])
executed
False
>>> all(fun(i) for i in [1, 0, 3, 4])
executed
executed
False
Short-circuiting behavior in Chained Comparison:
Additionally, in Python
Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example, x < y <= z is equivalent to x < y and y <= z, except that y is evaluated only once (but in both cases z is not evaluated at all when x < y is found to be false).
>>> 5 > 6 > fun(3) # same as: 5 > 6 and 6 > fun(3)
False # 5 > 6 is False so fun() not called and "executed" NOT printed
>>> 5 < 6 > fun(3) # 5 < 6 is True
executed # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
True
>>> 4 <= 6 > fun(7) # 4 <= 6 is True
executed # fun(3) called and "executed" printed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) < 3 # only prints "executed" once
executed
False
>>> 5 < fun(6) and fun(6) < 3 # prints "executed" twice, because the second part executes it again
executed
executed
False
Edit:
One more interesting point to note :- Logical and, or operators in Python returns an operand's value instead of a Boolean (True or False). For example:
Operation x and y gives the result if x is false, then x, else y
Unlike in other languages e.g. &&, || operators in C that return either 0 or 1.
Examples:
>>> 3 and 5 # Second operand evaluated and returned
5
>>> 3 and ()
()
>>> () and 5 # Second operand NOT evaluated as first operand () is false
() # so first operand returned
Similarly or operator return left most value for which bool(value) == True else right most false value (according to short-circuiting behavior), examples:
>>> 2 or 5 # left most operand bool(2) == True
2
>>> 0 or 5 # bool(0) == False and bool(5) == True
5
>>> 0 or ()
()
So, how is this useful? One example is given in Practical Python By Magnus Lie Hetland:
Let’s say a user is supposed to enter his or her name, but may opt to enter nothing, in which case you want to use the default value '<Unknown>'.
You could use an if statement, but you could also state things very succinctly:
In [171]: name = raw_input('Enter Name: ') or '<Unknown>'
Enter Name:
In [172]: name
Out[172]: '<Unknown>'
In other words, if the return value from raw_input is true (not an empty string), it is assigned to name (nothing changes); otherwise, the default '<Unknown>' is assigned to name.
发布评论
评论(3)
是的,
和
和或操作员短路 - 请参阅文档。Yep, both
and
andor
operators short-circuit -- see the docs.操作员中的短路行为
和
,或
:让我们首先定义一个有用的功能来确定是否执行某些内容。一个简单的功能,该功能接受参数,打印消息并返回输入不变的输入。
人们可以观察 python的短路行为和的a>,
或
在以下示例中:注意: 由解释器考虑以下值表示false:
shortCircuiting函数中的行为:
任何()
,all(
)任何“ rel =“ noreferrer”>
任何()
和all()
功能也支持短路。如文档所示;他们评估顺序序列的每个元素,直到找到允许评估中提早退出的结果。考虑下面的示例以了解两者。函数
any()
检查是否有元素是正确的。一旦遇到真实,它就会停止执行并返回真实。函数
all()
检查所有元素是真实的,一旦遇到错误,就停止执行:链式比较中的短路行为:
此外,在Python中
编辑:
还有一个有趣的点要注意: - 逻辑
和
,或 Python中的操作员返回操作数的 value 而不是boolean(true或
false
)。例如:与其他语言不同,例如
&amp;&amp;
0或1的操作员。
,
||
返回 /code> ==true
否则最多的错误值(根据短路行为),示例:那么,这有用?一个示例在实用的python Magnus Lie Hetland:
假设用户应该输入他或她的名字,但可以选择什么都不输入,在这种情况下,您想使用默认值
'&lt; unknokey'
。您可以使用if语句,但也可以非常简洁地陈述:
换句话说,如果
raw_input
是true的返回值(不是一个空字符串),则将其分配给名称(没有任何更改);否则,将默认的'&lt; unknown&gt;'
分配给name
。Short-circuiting behavior in operator
and
,or
:Let's first define a useful function to determine if something is executed or not. A simple function that accepts an argument, prints a message and returns the input, unchanged.
One can observe the Python's short-circuiting behavior of
and
,or
operators in the following example:Note: The following values are considered by the interpreter to mean false:
Short-circuiting behavior in function:
any()
,all()
:Python's
any()
andall()
functions also support short-circuiting. As shown in the docs; they evaluate each element of a sequence in-order, until finding a result that allows an early exit in the evaluation. Consider examples below to understand both.The function
any()
checks if any element is True. It stops executing as soon as a True is encountered and returns True.The function
all()
checks all elements are True and stops executing as soon as a False is encountered:Short-circuiting behavior in Chained Comparison:
Additionally, in Python
Edit:
One more interesting point to note :- Logical
and
,or
operators in Python returns an operand's value instead of a Boolean (True
orFalse
). For example:Unlike in other languages e.g.
&&
,||
operators in C that return either 0 or 1.Examples:
Similarly
or
operator return left most value for whichbool(value)
==True
else right most false value (according to short-circuiting behavior), examples:So, how is this useful? One example is given in Practical Python By Magnus Lie Hetland:
Let’s say a user is supposed to enter his or her name, but may opt to enter nothing, in which case you want to use the default value
'<Unknown>'
.You could use an if statement, but you could also state things very succinctly:
In other words, if the return value from
raw_input
is true (not an empty string), it is assigned to name (nothing changes); otherwise, the default'<Unknown>'
is assigned toname
.是的。在Python解释器中尝试以下内容:
或
或
Yes. Try the following in your python interpreter:
and
or