什么是 NullPointerException,如何修复它?
什么是空指针异常 (java.lang.NullPointerException
) 以及导致它们的原因是什么?
可以使用哪些方法/工具来确定原因,以便阻止异常导致程序提前终止?
What are Null Pointer Exceptions (java.lang.NullPointerException
) and what causes them?
What methods/tools can be used to determine the cause so that you stop the exception from causing the program to terminate prematurely?
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Java 中有两种主要类型的变量:
基元:包含数据的变量。如果您想操作原始变量中的数据,您可以直接操作该变量。按照惯例,原始类型以小写字母开头。例如,
int
或char
类型的变量是基元。引用:包含
对象
内存地址的变量,即引用对象的变量。如果您想要操作引用变量引用的Object
,则必须取消引用它。取消引用通常需要使用.
访问方法或字段,或使用[
索引数组。按照惯例,引用类型通常用以大写字母开头的类型来表示。例如,Object
类型的变量是引用。考虑下面的代码,您声明了 primitive 类型
int
的变量并且不初始化它:这两行将使程序崩溃,因为没有为
指定值x
,我们尝试使用x
的值来指定y
。所有基元在被操作之前都必须初始化为可用值。现在事情变得有趣了。 引用变量可以设置为
null
,这意味着“我没有引用任何东西”。如果您以这种方式显式设置引用变量,则可以在引用变量中获取null
值,或者引用变量未初始化并且编译器不会捕获它(Java 会自动将该变量设置为null )。
如果您显式地或通过 Java 自动将引用变量设置为 null,并且您尝试取消引用它,您将得到一个
NullPointerException
。当您声明变量但在尝试使用变量的内容之前没有创建对象并将其分配给该变量时,通常会发生 NullPointerException (NPE)。所以你引用了一些实际上并不存在的东西。
如下代码:
第一行声明了一个名为
num
的变量,但它实际上还不包含引用值。由于您还没有说出要指向什么,Java 将其设置为null
。第二行,使用
new
关键字实例化(或创建)一个Integer
类型的对象,并赋值引用变量num
到该Integer
对象。如果您在创建对象之前尝试取消引用
num
,您将收到NullPointerException
。在最简单的情况下,编译器会捕获问题并让您知道“num 可能尚未初始化
”,但有时您可能会编写不直接创建对象的代码。例如,您可能有如下方法:
在这种情况下,您不会创建对象
obj
,而是假设它是在doSomething()
方法之前创建的被称为。请注意,可以像这样调用该方法:在这种情况下,
obj
为null
,并且语句obj.myMethod()
将抛出 NullPointerException 。如果该方法打算像上面的方法那样对传入的对象执行某些操作,则抛出 NullPointerException 是适当的,因为这是程序员错误,并且程序员需要该信息来进行调试。
除了由于方法逻辑引发的 NullPointerException 之外,您还可以检查方法参数中是否有 null 值,并通过在方法的开头:
请注意,在错误消息中明确说明哪个对象不能为
null
会很有帮助。验证这一点的优点是 1) 您可以返回自己更清晰的错误消息,2) 对于方法的其余部分,您知道除非重新分配 obj ,否则它不为 null 并且可以安全地取消引用。或者,在某些情况下,该方法的目的不仅仅是对传入的对象进行操作,因此空参数可能是可接受的。在这种情况下,您需要检查空参数并采取不同的行为。您还应该在文档中对此进行解释。例如,
doSomething()
可以写为:最后,如何查明异常&使用堆栈跟踪的原因
具有 find bug 功能的声纳可以检测 NPE。
sonar能否动态捕获JVM引起的空指针异常
现在 Java 14 添加了一个新的语言功能来显示 NullPointerException 的根本原因。自 2006 年以来,此语言功能已成为 SAP 商业 JVM 的一部分。
在 Java 14 中,以下是 NullPointerException 异常消息示例:
导致
NullPointerException
发生的情况列表以下是所有Java 语言规范直接*提到了发生
NullPointerException
的情况:throw null;
synchronized (someNullReference) { ... }
NullPointerException
使用
for (element : iterable)
循环来循环访问 null 集合/数组。foo
为 null 时,switch (foo) { ... }
(无论是表达式还是语句)可以抛出NullPointerException
。foo
为 null 时,foo.new SomeInnerClass()
抛出NullPointerException
。name1::name2
或primaryExpression::name
形式的方法引用在name1
计算时抛出NullPointerException
code> 或primaryExpression
计算结果为 null。来自 JLS 的注释指出,
someInstance.someStaticMethod()
不会抛出 NPE,因为someStaticMethod
是静态的,但someInstance:: someStaticMethod
仍然抛出 NPE!* 请注意,JLS 可能还间接谈论了很多有关 NPE 的内容。
There are two overarching types of variables in Java:
Primitives: variables that contain data. If you want to manipulate the data in a primitive variable you can manipulate that variable directly. By convention primitive types start with a lowercase letter. For example variables of type
int
orchar
are primitives.References: variables that contain the memory address of an
Object
i.e. variables that refer to anObject
. If you want to manipulate theObject
that a reference variable refers to you must dereference it. Dereferencing usually entails using.
to access a method or field, or using[
to index an array. By convention reference types are usually denoted with a type that starts in uppercase. For example variables of typeObject
are references.Consider the following code where you declare a variable of primitive type
int
and don't initialize it:These two lines will crash the program because no value is specified for
x
and we are trying to usex
's value to specifyy
. All primitives have to be initialized to a usable value before they are manipulated.Now here is where things get interesting. Reference variables can be set to
null
which means "I am referencing nothing". You can get anull
value in a reference variable if you explicitly set it that way, or a reference variable is uninitialized and the compiler does not catch it (Java will automatically set the variable tonull
).If a reference variable is set to null either explicitly by you or through Java automatically, and you attempt to dereference it you get a
NullPointerException
.The
NullPointerException
(NPE) typically occurs when you declare a variable but did not create an object and assign it to the variable before trying to use the contents of the variable. So you have a reference to something that does not actually exist.Take the following code:
The first line declares a variable named
num
, but it does not actually contain a reference value yet. Since you have not yet said what to point to, Java sets it tonull
.In the second line, the
new
keyword is used to instantiate (or create) an object of typeInteger
, and the reference variablenum
is assigned to thatInteger
object.If you attempt to dereference
num
before creating the object you get aNullPointerException
. In the most trivial cases, the compiler will catch the problem and let you know that "num may not have been initialized
," but sometimes you may write code that does not directly create the object.For instance, you may have a method as follows:
In which case, you are not creating the object
obj
, but rather assuming that it was created before thedoSomething()
method was called. Note, it is possible to call the method like this:In which case,
obj
isnull
, and the statementobj.myMethod()
will throw aNullPointerException
.If the method is intended to do something to the passed-in object as the above method does, it is appropriate to throw the
NullPointerException
because it's a programmer error and the programmer will need that information for debugging purposes.In addition to
NullPointerException
s thrown as a result of the method's logic, you can also check the method arguments fornull
values and throw NPEs explicitly by adding something like the following near the beginning of a method:Note that it's helpful to say in your error message clearly which object cannot be
null
. The advantage of validating this is that 1) you can return your own clearer error messages and 2) for the rest of the method you know that unlessobj
is reassigned, it is not null and can be dereferenced safely.Alternatively, there may be cases where the purpose of the method is not solely to operate on the passed in object, and therefore a null parameter may be acceptable. In this case, you would need to check for a null parameter and behave differently. You should also explain this in the documentation. For example,
doSomething()
could be written as:Finally, How to pinpoint the exception & cause using Stack Trace
Sonar with find bugs can detect NPE.
Can sonar catch null pointer exceptions caused by JVM Dynamically
Now Java 14 has added a new language feature to show the root cause of NullPointerException. This language feature has been part of SAP commercial JVM since 2006.
In Java 14, the following is a sample NullPointerException Exception message:
List of situations that cause a
NullPointerException
to occurHere are all the situations in which a
NullPointerException
occurs, that are directly* mentioned by the Java Language Specification:throw null;
synchronized (someNullReference) { ... }
NullPointerException
if one of its operands is a boxed null referenceNullPointerException
if the boxed value is null.super
on a null reference throws aNullPointerException
. If you are confused, this is talking about qualified superclass constructor invocations:Using a
for (element : iterable)
loop to loop through a null collection/array.switch (foo) { ... }
(whether its an expression or statement) can throw aNullPointerException
whenfoo
is null.foo.new SomeInnerClass()
throws aNullPointerException
whenfoo
is null.Method references of the form
name1::name2
orprimaryExpression::name
throws aNullPointerException
when evaluated whenname1
orprimaryExpression
evaluates to null.a note from the JLS here says that,
someInstance.someStaticMethod()
doesn't throw an NPE, becausesomeStaticMethod
is static, butsomeInstance::someStaticMethod
still throw an NPE!* Note that the JLS probably also says a lot about NPEs indirectly.
NullPointerException 是当您尝试使用指向内存中任何位置 (null) 的引用(就像引用对象一样)时发生的异常。对空引用调用方法或尝试访问空引用的字段将触发
NullPointerException
。这些是最常见的,但 中列出了其他方法NullPointerException
javadoc 页面。我能想到的用于说明 NullPointerException 的最快示例代码可能是:
在
main
内的第一行,我显式设置了Object
code> 引用obj
等于null
。这意味着我有一个引用,但它没有指向任何对象。之后,我尝试通过调用该引用的方法来将该引用视为指向一个对象。这会导致NullPointerException
,因为在引用指向的位置没有要执行的代码。(这是一个技术细节,但我认为值得一提的是:指向 null 的引用与指向无效内存位置的 C 指针不同。空指针实际上不指向任何地方,这与指向恰好无效的位置有细微的不同。)
NullPointerException
s are exceptions that occur when you try to use a reference that points to no location in memory (null) as though it were referencing an object. Calling a method on a null reference or trying to access a field of a null reference will trigger aNullPointerException
. These are the most common, but other ways are listed on theNullPointerException
javadoc page.Probably the quickest example code I could come up with to illustrate a
NullPointerException
would be:On the first line inside
main
, I'm explicitly setting theObject
referenceobj
equal tonull
. This means I have a reference, but it isn't pointing to any object. After that, I try to treat the reference as though it points to an object by calling a method on it. This results in aNullPointerException
because there is no code to execute in the location that the reference is pointing.(This is a technicality, but I think it bears mentioning: A reference that points to null isn't the same as a C pointer that points to an invalid memory location. A null pointer is literally not pointing anywhere, which is subtly different than pointing to a location that happens to be invalid.)
什么是空指针异常?
JavaDocs 是一个不错的起点。他们涵盖了这个:
还有一种情况是,如果您尝试将空引用与
synchronized
结合使用,也会引发此异常,根据 JLS:我该如何修复它?
所以你有一个
NullPointerException
。你如何解决它?让我们举一个引发NullPointerException
的简单示例:识别 null 值
第一步是准确识别哪些值导致了异常。为此,我们需要进行一些调试。学会阅读堆栈跟踪非常重要。这将显示抛出异常的位置:
在这里,我们看到异常是在第 13 行(在
printString
方法中)抛出的。查看该行并检查哪些值为空添加日志语句或使用调试器。我们发现
s
为 null,并且对其调用length
方法会抛出异常。我们可以看到,当从方法中删除 s.length() 时,程序停止抛出异常。跟踪这些值的来源
接下来检查该值的来源。通过跟踪该方法的调用者,我们可以看到
s
是通过print()
方法中的printString(name)
传入的,并且 <代码> this.name 为空。跟踪这些值应该在哪里设置
this.name
在哪里设置?在setName(String)
方法中。通过更多的调试,我们可以看到这个方法根本没有被调用。如果调用该方法,请确保检查这些方法的调用顺序,并且 set 方法不会在 print 方法之后调用。这足以为我们提供一个解决方案:在调用
printer.print()
之前添加对printer.setName()
的调用。其他修复
变量可以有一个默认值(并且
setName
可以防止它被设置为空):print
或printString
方法可以检查 null,例如:或者您可以设计类,以便
name
始终具有非 null 值 :另请参阅:
我仍然找不到问题
如果你尝试调试问题但仍然没有解决方案,您可以发布问题以获取更多帮助,但请确保包含您迄今为止尝试过的内容。至少,在问题中包含堆栈跟踪,并在代码中标记重要的行号。另外,首先尝试简化代码(请参阅SSCCE)。
What is a NullPointerException?
A good place to start is the JavaDocs. They have this covered:
It is also the case that if you attempt to use a null reference with
synchronized
, that will also throw this exception, per the JLS:How do I fix it?
So you have a
NullPointerException
. How do you fix it? Let's take a simple example which throws aNullPointerException
:Identify the null values
The first step is identifying exactly which values are causing the exception. For this, we need to do some debugging. It's important to learn to read a stacktrace. This will show you where the exception was thrown:
Here, we see that the exception is thrown on line 13 (in the
printString
method). Look at the line and check which values are null byadding logging statements or using a debugger. We find out that
s
is null, and calling thelength
method on it throws the exception. We can see that the program stops throwing the exception whens.length()
is removed from the method.Trace where these values come from
Next check where this value comes from. By following the callers of the method, we see that
s
is passed in withprintString(name)
in theprint()
method, andthis.name
is null.Trace where these values should be set
Where is
this.name
set? In thesetName(String)
method. With some more debugging, we can see that this method isn't called at all. If the method was called, make sure to check the order that these methods are called, and the set method isn't called after the print method.This is enough to give us a solution: add a call to
printer.setName()
before callingprinter.print()
.Other fixes
The variable can have a default value (and
setName
can prevent it being set to null):Either the
print
orprintString
method can check for null, for example:Or you can design the class so that
name
always has a non-null value:See also:
I still can't find the problem
If you tried to debug the problem and still don't have a solution, you can post a question for more help, but make sure to include what you've tried so far. At a minimum, include the stacktrace in the question, and mark the important line numbers in the code. Also, try simplifying the code first (see SSCCE).
问题:什么原因导致
NullPointerException
(NPE)?如您所知,Java 类型分为原始类型(
boolean
、int
等)和引用类型 >。 Java 中的引用类型允许您使用特殊值null
,这是 Java 中表示“无对象”的方式。每当您的程序尝试使用
null
就好像它是真正的引用一样,就会在运行时引发NullPointerException
。例如,如果您这样写:标记为“HERE”的语句将尝试在
null
引用上运行length()
方法,这将抛出 <代码>NullPointerException。您可以通过多种方式使用
null
值,从而导致NullPointerException
。事实上,在不导致 NPE 的情况下,您可以使用null
做的唯一事情是:==
或!=
运算符,或实例
。问题:如何读取 NPE 堆栈跟踪?
假设我编译并运行上面的程序:
第一个观察结果:编译成功!程序中的问题不是编译错误。这是一个运行时错误。 (有些 IDE 可能会警告你的程序总是会抛出异常......但标准
javac
编译器不会。)第二个观察结果:当我运行程序时,它输出两行“gobbledy-gook” ”。 错误!!这不是官样文章。它是一个堆栈跟踪......并且它提供了重要信息,如果您花时间仔细阅读它,它将帮助您追踪代码中的错误。
那么让我们看看它的内容:
堆栈跟踪的第一行告诉您许多事情:
java.lang.NullPointerException
。NullPointerException
在这方面很不寻常,因为它很少有错误消息。第二行是诊断 NPE 时最重要的一行。
这告诉我们很多事情:
Test
类的main
方法中。如果您计算上面文件中的行数,就会发现第 4 行是我用“HERE”注释标记的行。
请注意,在更复杂的示例中,NPE 堆栈跟踪中会有很多行。但您可以确定第二行(第一个“at”行)会告诉您 NPE 被抛出的位置1。
简而言之,堆栈跟踪将明确告诉我们程序的哪条语句引发了 NPE。
另请参阅:什么是堆栈跟踪,以及如何使用它来调试应用程序错误?
1 -不完全正确。有一些东西叫做嵌套异常...
问题:如何在代码中查找 NPE 异常的原因?
这是最难的部分。简而言之,就是对堆栈跟踪、源代码和相关 API 文档提供的证据进行逻辑推理。
让我们首先用简单的例子(上面)来说明。我们首先查看堆栈跟踪告诉我们 NPE 发生位置的行:
这怎么会引发 NPE?
事实上,只有一种方法:只有当
foo
的值为null
时才会发生这种情况。然后,我们尝试在null
上运行length()
方法,然后……砰!但是(我听到你说)如果 NPE 被抛出到
length()
方法调用中怎么办?好吧,如果发生这种情况,堆栈跟踪看起来会有所不同。第一个“at”行表示异常是在
java.lang.String
类中的某些行中引发的,而Test.java
的第 4 行将是第二个“于”行。那么这个
null
从哪里来呢?在这种情况下,这是显而易见的,我们需要做什么来解决它也是显而易见的。 (为foo
分配一个非空值。)好的,让我们尝试一个稍微棘手的示例。这将需要一些逻辑推论。
所以现在我们有两条“at”行。第一个是针对这一行的:
第二个是针对这一行的:
看第一行,怎么会抛出 NPE?有两种方法:
bar
的值为null
,则bar[pos]
将抛出 NPE。bar[pos]
的值为null
,则对其调用length()
将抛出 NPE。接下来,我们需要弄清楚哪些场景可以解释实际发生的情况。我们将从探索第一个开始:
bar
从哪里来?它是test
方法调用的一个参数,如果我们看看test
是如何调用的,我们可以看到它来自foo
静态变量。此外,我们可以清楚地看到,我们将 foo 初始化为非空值。这足以暂时驳回这种解释。 (理论上,其他东西可能将foo
更改为null
...但这并没有发生在这里。)那么我们的第二种情况呢?好吧,我们可以看到
pos
是1
,所以这意味着foo[1]
必须是null
。这可能吗?确实如此!这就是问题所在。当我们这样初始化时:
我们分配一个
String[]
,其中两个元素 被初始化为null
。之后,我们没有更改foo
的内容...因此foo[1]
仍将为null
。那么在安卓上呢?
在 Android 上,追踪 NPE 的直接原因要简单一些。异常消息通常会告诉您正在使用的空引用的(编译时)类型以及抛出 NPE 时尝试调用的方法。这简化了查明直接原因的过程。
但另一方面,Android 有一些导致 NPE 的常见平台特定原因。一种非常常见的情况是
getViewById
意外返回null
。我的建议是搜索有关意外null
返回值的原因的问答。Question: What causes a
NullPointerException
(NPE)?As you should know, Java types are divided into primitive types (
boolean
,int
, etc.) and reference types. Reference types in Java allow you to use the special valuenull
which is the Java way of saying "no object".A
NullPointerException
is thrown at runtime whenever your program attempts to use anull
as if it was a real reference. For example, if you write this:the statement labeled "HERE" is going to attempt to run the
length()
method on anull
reference, and this will throw aNullPointerException
.There are many ways that you could use a
null
value that will result in aNullPointerException
. In fact, the only things that you can do with anull
without causing an NPE are:==
or!=
operators, orinstanceof
.Question: How do I read the NPE stacktrace?
Suppose that I compile and run the program above:
First observation: the compilation succeeds! The problem in the program is NOT a compilation error. It is a runtime error. (Some IDEs may warn your program will always throw an exception ... but the standard
javac
compiler doesn't.)Second observation: when I run the program, it outputs two lines of "gobbledy-gook". WRONG!! That's not gobbledy-gook. It is a stacktrace ... and it provides vital information that will help you track down the error in your code if you take the time to read it carefully.
So let's look at what it says:
The first line of the stack trace tells you a number of things:
java.lang.NullPointerException
.NullPointerException
is unusual in this respect, because it rarely has an error message.The second line is the most important one in diagnosing an NPE.
This tells us a number of things:
main
method of theTest
class.If you count the lines in the file above, line 4 is the one that I labeled with the "HERE" comment.
Note that in a more complicated example, there will be lots of lines in the NPE stack trace. But you can be sure that the second line (the first "at" line) will tell you where the NPE was thrown1.
In short, the stack trace will tell us unambiguously which statement of the program has thrown the NPE.
See also: What is a stack trace, and how can I use it to debug my application errors?
1 - Not quite true. There are things called nested exceptions...
Question: How do I track down the cause of the NPE exception in my code?
This is the hard part. The short answer is to apply logical inference to the evidence provided by the stack trace, the source code, and the relevant API documentation.
Let's illustrate with the simple example (above) first. We start by looking at the line that the stack trace has told us is where the NPE happened:
How can that throw an NPE?
In fact, there is only one way: it can only happen if
foo
has the valuenull
. We then try to run thelength()
method onnull
and... BANG!But (I hear you say) what if the NPE was thrown inside the
length()
method call?Well, if that happened, the stack trace would look different. The first "at" line would say that the exception was thrown in some line in the
java.lang.String
class and line 4 ofTest.java
would be the second "at" line.So where did that
null
come from? In this case, it is obvious, and it is obvious what we need to do to fix it. (Assign a non-null value tofoo
.)OK, so let's try a slightly more tricky example. This will require some logical deduction.
So now we have two "at" lines. The first one is for this line:
and the second one is for this line:
Looking at the first line, how could that throw an NPE? There are two ways:
bar
isnull
thenbar[pos]
will throw an NPE.bar[pos]
isnull
then callinglength()
on it will throw an NPE.Next, we need to figure out which of those scenarios explains what is actually happening. We will start by exploring the first one:
Where does
bar
come from? It is a parameter to thetest
method call, and if we look at howtest
was called, we can see that it comes from thefoo
static variable. In addition, we can see clearly that we initializedfoo
to a non-null value. That is sufficient to tentatively dismiss this explanation. (In theory, something else could changefoo
tonull
... but that is not happening here.)So what about our second scenario? Well, we can see that
pos
is1
, so that means thatfoo[1]
must benull
. Is this possible?Indeed it is! And that is the problem. When we initialize like this:
we allocate a
String[]
with two elements that are initialized tonull
. After that, we have not changed the contents offoo
... sofoo[1]
will still benull
.What about on Android?
On Android, tracking down the immediate cause of an NPE is a bit simpler. The exception message will typically tell you the (compile time) type of the null reference you are using and the method you were attempting to call when the NPE was thrown. This simplifies the process of pinpointing the immediate cause.
But on the flipside, Android has some common platform-specific causes for NPEs. A very common is when
getViewById
unexpectedly returns anull
. My advice would be to search for Q&As about the cause of the unexpectednull
return value.这就像您正在尝试访问一个
null
的对象。考虑下面的例子:此时您刚刚声明这个对象,但还没有初始化或实例化。每当您尝试访问其中的任何属性或方法时,它都会抛出 NullPointerException ,这是有道理的。
另请参阅下面的示例:
It's like you are trying to access an object which is
null
. Consider below example:At this time you have just declared this object but not initialized or instantiated. And whenever you try to access any property or method in it, it will throw
NullPointerException
which makes sense.See this below example as well:
当应用程序在需要对象的情况下尝试使用 null 时,会引发空指针异常。其中包括:
null
对象的实例方法。null
对象的字段。null
的长度视为数组。null
的槽,就像它是一个数组一样。null
就好像它是 Throwable 值一样。应用程序应该抛出此类的实例来指示
null
对象的其他非法使用。参考: http://docs.oracle.com/javase /8/docs/api/java/lang/NullPointerException.html
A null pointer exception is thrown when an application attempts to use null in a case where an object is required. These include:
null
object.null
object.null
as if it were an array.null
as if it were an array.null
as if it were a Throwable value.Applications should throw instances of this class to indicate other illegal uses of the
null
object.Reference: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/NullPointerException.html
null
指针是指向任何地方的指针。当您取消引用指针p
时,您会说“给我存储在“p”中的位置处的数据。当p
是null
指针时,p
中存储的位置是nowhere
,你是说“给我'nowhere'位置的数据”,显然,它不能这样做,所以。它抛出一个空指针异常
。一般来说,这是因为某些东西没有正确初始化。
A
null
pointer is one that points to nowhere. When you dereference a pointerp
, you say "give me the data at the location stored in "p". Whenp
is anull
pointer, the location stored inp
isnowhere
, you're saying "give me the data at the location 'nowhere'". Obviously, it can't do this, so it throws anull pointer exception
.In general, it's because something hasn't been initialized properly.
已经有很多解释来解释它是如何发生以及如何修复它,但您还应该遵循最佳实践以避免
NullPointerException
根本没有。参见:
一个很好的列表最佳实践
我想补充一点,充分利用
final
修饰符。在 Java 中适用时使用“final”修饰符
摘要:
final
修饰符来强制执行良好的初始化。@NotNull
和<一个href="https://javadoc.io/static/com.github.spotbugs/spotbugs-annotations/3.1.12/edu/umd/cs/findbugs/annotations/Nullable.html" rel="noreferrer"><代码> @Nullableif("knownObject".equals(unknownObject)
valueOf()
而不是toString()
。StringUtils
方法StringUtils.isEmpty(null)
A lot of explanations are already present to explain how it happens and how to fix it, but you should also follow best practices to avoid
NullPointerException
s at all.See also:
A good list of best practices
I would add, very important, make a good use of the
final
modifier.Using the "final" modifier whenever applicable in Java
Summary:
final
modifier to enforce good initialization.@NotNull
and@Nullable
if("knownObject".equals(unknownObject)
valueOf()
overtoString()
.StringUtils
methodsStringUtils.isEmpty(null)
.空指针异常表明您正在使用对象但未对其进行初始化。
例如,下面是一个学生类,它将在我们的代码中使用它。
下面的代码给你一个空指针异常。
因为您正在使用
student
,但您忘记了像中那样初始化它正确代码如下所示:
A null pointer exception is an indicator that you are using an object without initializing it.
For example, below is a student class which will use it in our code.
The below code gives you a null pointer exception.
Because you are using
student
, but you forgot to initialize it like in thecorrect code shown below:
在Java中,一切(不包括原始类型)都是类的形式。
如果您想使用任何对象,则有两个阶段:
示例:
Object object;
object = new Object();
与数组概念相同:
Item item[] = new Item[5];
item[0] = new Item();
如果您没有给出初始化部分,则出现 NullPointerException 。
In Java, everything (excluding primitive types) is in the form of a class.
If you want to use any object then you have two phases:
Example:
Object object;
object = new Object();
Same for the array concept:
Item item[] = new Item[5];
item[0] = new Item();
If you are not giving the initialization section then the
NullPointerException
arise.在 Java 中,您声明的所有变量实际上都是对对象的“引用”(或原语)而不是对象本身。
当您尝试执行一个对象方法时,引用会要求活动对象执行该方法。但如果引用引用的是 NULL(无、零、void、nada),那么该方法就无法执行。然后运行时通过抛出 NullPointerException 来让您知道这一点。
您的引用“指向” null,因此“Null -> Pointer”。
该对象位于 VM 内存空间中,访问它的唯一方法是使用
this
引用。举个例子:在代码中的另一个地方:
这是一件需要知道的重要事情 - 当不再有对对象的引用时(在上面的示例中,当
reference
和otherReference
都指向 null)则该对象“无法访问”。我们无法使用它,因此该对象已准备好被垃圾收集,并且在某个时刻,VM 将释放该对象使用的内存并分配另一个对象。In Java all the variables you declare are actually "references" to the objects (or primitives) and not the objects themselves.
When you attempt to execute one object method, the reference asks the living object to execute that method. But if the reference is referencing NULL (nothing, zero, void, nada) then there is no way the method gets executed. Then the runtime let you know this by throwing a NullPointerException.
Your reference is "pointing" to null, thus "Null -> Pointer".
The object lives in the VM memory space and the only way to access it is using
this
references. Take this example:And on another place in your code:
This an important thing to know - when there are no more references to an object (in the example above when
reference
andotherReference
both point to null) then the object is "unreachable". There is no way we can work with it, so this object is ready to be garbage collected, and at some point, the VM will free the memory used by this object and will allocate another.另一种
NullPointerException
情况发生在声明一个对象数组,然后立即尝试取消引用其中的元素时。如果颠倒比较顺序,就可以避免这种特定的 NPE;即,在保证非空对象上使用
.equals
。数组内的所有元素 初始化为其共同的初始值;对于任何类型的对象数组,这意味着所有元素均为
null
。在访问或取消引用数组中的元素之前,您必须先初始化它们。
Another occurrence of a
NullPointerException
occurs when one declares an object array, then immediately tries to dereference elements inside of it.This particular NPE can be avoided if the comparison order is reversed; namely, use
.equals
on a guaranteed non-null object.All elements inside of an array are initialized to their common initial value; for any type of object array, that means that all elements are
null
.You must initialize the elements in the array before accessing or dereferencing them.