如何在 Python 中输入提示返回泛型类型并符合协议的函数

Question

如果我有一个函数接受 T 类型的实例，并输出相同的实例，但经过修改，使其另外符合 Protocol，我应该如何输入提示？我的主要目标是让我的 IDE (VSCode) 知道返回的对象具有原始对象的所有属性 + “添加”协议中定义的所有属性。

具体来说，我尝试通过以下方式将“元数据感知”添加到来自第三方库的一堆对象（代码稍微简化以仅关注类型提示）：

@runtime_checkable
class HasMetadata(Protocol):
    """Protocol for objects which have a `metadata` property."""

    @property
    def metadata(self) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...


class MetadataMixin(HasMetadata):
    """A mixin addig a `metadata` property to an existing class."""

    def __init__(self, *args, metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, **kwargs):
        """
        Adds a metadata dictionary to this instance and calls the superclass ctor.

        Args:
            metadata (optional): The metadata to associate to this object. Defaults to
                None, meaning an empty dictionary.
        """
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self._metadata = metadata or {}

    @property
    def metadata(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        return self._metadata


# Here's what I fail to type-hint correctly
T = TypeVar('T')
def inject_metadata(obj: T, metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None) -> ??? # In swift I'd write something like `T & HasMetadata`
    """Dynamically injects metadata in the given object."""
    if isinstance(t, HasMetadata):
        raise TypeError('Cannot inject metadata in an object that already has it.')

    # Create a new type which acts like the old but also has `MetadataMixin` in its
    # mro, then change the type of the given object to this new type. This will give
    # the object the `metadata` property.
    old_type = type(t)
    new_type_name = f'_{old_type.__name__}WithMetadata'

    # Retrieve the new type if it was already created, or create it otherwise.
    # Simplified for demo purposes.. just always create the new type.
    # Also don't mind about the Mixin added last as a base class; I know technically it
    # should come first to be a true Mixin but that doesn't matter here.
    new_type = type(new_type_name, (old_type, MetadataMixin), dict(old_type.__dict__))
    obj.__class__ = new_type

    # Now set the actual metadata.
    metadata = metadata or {}
    setattr(obj, '_metadata', metadata)

    return obj

我知道我可以做到这一点通过创建辅助类型来为特定的 - 预先已知的 - 类工作，例如：

class Bar:
    pass

class Baz(Bar, HasMetadata):
    @property
    def metadata(self) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...

def inject_metadata(obj: Bar, ...) -> Baz:
    ...

但这只有在我具体知道我想要注入元数据的类型时才有效。理想情况下，我会使用任何 T< /代码>。