无法安装 PyQT5，无论是在 Linux 还是 macOS 上

Question

作为课程的一部分，我们必须使用 PyQT5。但是，在 Ubuntu 20.24 或 macOS 12.1 中安装会出现以下错误。请注意，一切都是最新的，我已经做了我知道该怎么做的一切。类似问题的答案似乎没有产生任何结果。

---

ma​​cOS 12.1（Python 3.10.2 / pip 22.0.3）：

Collecting pyqt5
  Using cached PyQt5-5.15.6.tar.gz (3.2 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [29 lines of output]
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py", line 156, in prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
          hook = backend.prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
      AttributeError: module 'sipbuild.api' has no attribute 'prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel'
      
      During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
      
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py", line 363, in <module>
          main()
        File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py", line 345, in main
          json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
        File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py", line 160, in prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
          whl_basename = backend.build_wheel(metadata_directory, config_settings)
        File "/private/var/folders/j_/0h809bz57qgdkgx3299vt3jh0000gn/T/pip-build-env-0hz777qt/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/sipbuild/api.py", line 51, in build_wheel
          project = AbstractProject.bootstrap('pep517')
        File "/private/var/folders/j_/0h809bz57qgdkgx3299vt3jh0000gn/T/pip-build-env-0hz777qt/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/sipbuild/abstract_project.py", line 83, in bootstrap
          project.setup(pyproject, tool, tool_description)
        File "/private/var/folders/j_/0h809bz57qgdkgx3299vt3jh0000gn/T/pip-build-env-0hz777qt/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/sipbuild/project.py", line 594, in setup
          self.apply_user_defaults(tool)
        File "/private/var/folders/j_/0h809bz57qgdkgx3299vt3jh0000gn/T/pip-install-652wocvg/pyqt5_8cb0d91c53bd4b9293156fad68e175f5/project.py", line 63, in apply_user_defaults
          super().apply_user_defaults(tool)
        File "/private/var/folders/j_/0h809bz57qgdkgx3299vt3jh0000gn/T/pip-build-env-0hz777qt/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pyqtbuild/project.py", line 70, in apply_user_defaults
          super().apply_user_defaults(tool)
        File "/private/var/folders/j_/0h809bz57qgdkgx3299vt3jh0000gn/T/pip-build-env-0hz777qt/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/sipbuild/project.py", line 241, in apply_user_defaults
          self.builder.apply_user_defaults(tool)
        File "/private/var/folders/j_/0h809bz57qgdkgx3299vt3jh0000gn/T/pip-build-env-0hz777qt/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pyqtbuild/builder.py", line 67, in apply_user_defaults
          raise PyProjectOptionException('qmake',
      sipbuild.pyproject.PyProjectOptionException
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

Ubuntu 20.24（Python 3.10.2 / pip 20.0.3 )：

Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Collecting pyqt5
  Using cached PyQt5-5.15.6.tar.gz (3.2 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [134 lines of output]
      Collecting sip<7,>=6.4
        Using cached sip-6.5.1.tar.gz (1.2 MB)
        Installing build dependencies: started
        Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
        Getting requirements to build wheel: started
        Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
        Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
        Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
      Collecting PyQt-builder<2,>=1.9
        Using cached PyQt_builder-1.12.2-py3-none-any.whl (5.6 MB)
      Collecting setuptools
        Using cached setuptools-60.9.3-py3-none-any.whl (1.1 MB)
      Collecting packaging
        Using cached packaging-21.3-py3-none-any.whl (40 kB)
      Collecting toml
        Using cached toml-0.10.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (16 kB)
      Collecting pyparsing!=3.0.5,>=2.0.2
        Using cached pyparsing-3.0.7-py3-none-any.whl (98 kB)
      Building wheels for collected packages: sip
        Building wheel for sip (pyproject.toml): started
        Building wheel for sip (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
        error: subprocess-exited-with-error
      
        × Building wheel for sip (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
        │ exit code: 1
        ╰─> [102 lines of output]
            running bdist_wheel
            running build
            running build_py
            creating build
            creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10
            creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/bindings.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/installable.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/distutils_builder.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/pyproject.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/abstract_builder.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/py_versions.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/builder.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/configurable.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/api.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/argument_parser.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/abstract_project.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/project.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/buildable.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/version.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/helpers.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/setuptools_builder.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            copying sipbuild/exceptions.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild
            creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/distinfo
            copying sipbuild/distinfo/distinfo.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/distinfo
            copying sipbuild/distinfo/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/distinfo
            copying sipbuild/distinfo/main.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/distinfo
            creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/tools
            copying sipbuild/tools/sdist.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/tools
            copying sipbuild/tools/build.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/tools
            copying sipbuild/tools/wheel.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/tools
            copying sipbuild/tools/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/tools
            copying sipbuild/tools/install.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/tools
            creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module
            copying sipbuild/module/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module
            copying sipbuild/module/main.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module
            copying sipbuild/module/abi_version.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module
            copying sipbuild/module/module.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module
            creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source
            creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/voidptr.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/sipint.h -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/sip.h.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/README.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/array.h -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/sip.rst.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/sip.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/LICENSE-GPL3 -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/LICENSE-GPL2 -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/MANIFEST.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/array.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/LICENSE -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/pyproject.toml -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/setup.cfg.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/bool.cpp -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/objmap.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/siplib.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/int_convertors.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/descriptors.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/setup.py.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            copying sipbuild/module/source/13/threads.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/13
            creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/voidptr.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/sipint.h -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/sip.h.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/README.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/array.h -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/sip.rst.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/sip.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/LICENSE-GPL3 -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/LICENSE-GPL2 -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/MANIFEST.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/array.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/LICENSE -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/apiversions.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/pyproject.toml -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/qtlib.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/setup.cfg.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/bool.cpp -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/objmap.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/siplib.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/int_convertors.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/descriptors.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/setup.py.in -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            copying sipbuild/module/source/12/threads.c -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.10/sipbuild/module/source/12
            running build_ext
            building 'sipbuild.code_generator' extension
            creating build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10
            creating build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10/code_generator
            aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icode_generator -I/usr/include/python3.10 -I/usr/local/include/python3.10 -c code_generator/export.c -o build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10/code_generator/export.o
            aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icode_generator -I/usr/include/python3.10 -I/usr/local/include/python3.10 -c code_generator/extracts.c -o build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10/code_generator/extracts.o
            aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icode_generator -I/usr/include/python3.10 -I/usr/local/include/python3.10 -c code_generator/gencode.c -o build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10/code_generator/gencode.o
            aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icode_generator -I/usr/include/python3.10 -I/usr/local/include/python3.10 -c code_generator/heap.c -o build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10/code_generator/heap.o
            aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icode_generator -I/usr/include/python3.10 -I/usr/local/include/python3.10 -c code_generator/lexer.c -o build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10/code_generator/lexer.o
            aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icode_generator -I/usr/include/python3.10 -I/usr/local/include/python3.10 -c code_generator/parser.c -o build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10/code_generator/parser.o
            aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icode_generator -I/usr/include/python3.10 -I/usr/local/include/python3.10 -c code_generator/pybinding.c -o build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.10/code_generator/pybinding.o
            code_generator/pybinding.c:30:10: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
               30 | #include <Python.h>
                  |          ^~~~~~~~~~
            compilation terminated.
            error: command '/usr/bin/aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit code 1
            [end of output]
      
        note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
        ERROR: Failed building wheel for sip
      Failed to build sip
      ERROR: Could not build wheels for sip, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

Stack Overflow 拒绝让我发布包含如此多代码的内容，因此我将在最后添加一些内容。整个上下文已经存在，所以不应该添加任何内容，但我被迫这样做。