Python Tkinter 窗口未在窗口屏幕上居中且按钮浮雕不起作用

Question

这是我在 python 上使用 tkinter 的带有注册表单和更改密码表单的登录页面的代码。我无法将主显示窗口置于计算机屏幕中央。这是我的代码的底部。我不知道如何解决这个问题。按钮格式（例如浮雕样式）也不起作用。如果对我的代码有任何问题或建议，请告诉我，我们将不胜感激！

编辑：背景颜色现在显示在显示屏上。

'''

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
import sqlite3
import re

# Constants (written in caps)
REGULAR_FONT = ('Georgia', 14)
UNDERLINED_FONT = ('Georgia', 14, 'underline')
SMALL_FONT = ('Georgia', 12)
WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT = 600, 600

# Set numbers as global variables
numbers = set('0123456789')

# Database to save user data
# create a / connect to Database
con = sqlite3.connect('User_Data.db')

# create Cursor
cur = con.cursor()

# create table
cur.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS User_Data (
            name text, 
            username text, 
            gender text, 
            password varchar,
            question text,
            answer text
            )''')

# commit changes to Database
con.commit()

# close connection
con.close()


class MainDisplay(tk.Tk):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        container = tk.Frame(self)

        # fill space allocated and expand if needed
        container.pack(side='top', fill='both', expand=True)

        # set minimum to 0 and priority in container
        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

        # create dictionary
        self.frames = {}

        # puts frames (pages) into dictionary
        for F in (LoginPage, RegistrationForm, ChangePasswordForm):
            # put in container
            frame = F(container, self)
            self.frames[F] = frame
            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='nsew')

        # display login page
        self.show(LoginPage)

    # create function which shows the chosen frame (page)
    def show(self, controller):
        frame = self.frames[controller]
        frame.tkraise()


class LoginPage(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        login = tk.Frame(self, bd=1, background='#FFFFFF', relief='solid', padx=20, pady=20)

        # Login Questions (Username & Password)
        tk.Label(login, text='Username', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='w',
                                                                                       padx=10)
        tk.Label(login, text='Password', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=2, column=0, sticky='w',
                                                                                       padx=10)

        # Login Answers (User entry)
        login_username = tk.Entry(login, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        login_password = tk.Entry(login, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        login_username.grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10)
        login_password.grid(row=3, column=0, padx=10)

        # Register Button & Forget Password Button (Redirect)
        register_button = tk.Button(login, width=15, text='Register?', font=UNDERLINED_FONT, relief='flat',
                                    command=lambda: controller.show(RegistrationForm))
        register_button.grid(row=4, column=0, sticky='w', padx=10)
        forgetpassword_button = tk.Button(login, width=15, text='Forget password?', font=UNDERLINED_FONT, relief='flat',
                                          command=lambda: controller.show(ChangePasswordForm))
        forgetpassword_button.grid(row=5, column=0, sticky='w', padx=10)

        # create function which verifies login
        def verify_login():
            log_user = login_username.get()
            log_password = login_password.get()

            # counts which fields have been filled
            counter = 0
            error = ''
            if log_user == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if log_password == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1

            # verify login using counter (check if all fields have been filled)
            if counter == 2:
                try:
                    # create / connect to Database
                    con = sqlite3.connect('User_Data.db')
                    # create Cursor
                    cur = con.cursor()
                    # check whether data entered by user matches data in database
                    cur.execute('SELECT * from User_Data WHERE username = ? AND password = ?', (log_user, log_password))
                    if cur.fetchall():
                        # clear entry fields
                        login_username.delete(0, 'end')
                        login_password.delete(0, 'end')

                        # display successful login message
                        messagebox.showinfo(message='Login was successful.')
                    else:
                        messagebox.showerror(
                            message='Invalid username or password. Please check whether details have been '
                                    'entered correctly and that the account has been registered.')

                    # commit changes to Database
                    con.commit()
                    # close connection
                    con.close()

                except Exception as ep:
                    messagebox.showerror('', ep)
            else:
                messagebox.showerror('Error', error)

        # Login Button
        login_button = tk.Button(login, width=15, text='Login', font=REGULAR_FONT, relief='raised',
                                 command=verify_login)
        login_button.grid(row=4, column=1, sticky='e', padx=20, pady=10)

        login.place(anchor='center', relx=.5, rely=.5)


class RegistrationForm(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        register = tk.Frame(self, bd=1, background='#FFFFFF', relief='solid', padx=20, pady=20)

        # Registration Questions (Name, Username, Gender, Password, Password Confirmation, Security Question and Answer)
        tk.Label(register, text='Name', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='w',
                                                                                      pady=10)
        tk.Label(register, text='Username', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=1, column=0, sticky='w',
                                                                                          pady=10)
        tk.Label(register, text='Gender', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=2, column=0, sticky='w',
                                                                                        pady=10)
        tk.Label(register, text='Password', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=3, column=0, sticky='w',
                                                                                          pady=10)
        tk.Label(register, text='Confirm Password', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=4, column=0,
                                                                                                  sticky='w', pady=10)
        tk.Label(register, text='Security Question', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=5, column=0,
                                                                                                   sticky='w', pady=10)
        tk.Label(register, text='Security Answer', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=6, column=0,
                                                                                                 sticky='w', pady=10)

        # Registration Answers (User Entry)
        # user only manually enters Name, Username, Password, Password Confirmation, Security Answer
        register_name = tk.Entry(register, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        register_username = tk.Entry(register, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        register_password = tk.Entry(register, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        confirm_password = tk.Entry(register, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        security_answer = tk.Entry(register, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        register_name.grid(row=0, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        register_username.grid(row=1, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        register_password.grid(row=3, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        confirm_password.grid(row=4, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        security_answer.grid(row=6, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)

        # create function which writes password criteria in entry box
        def show_criteria1(t):
            register_password.delete(0, 'end')

        register_password.insert(0, 'At least 1 number from 0 to 9.')
        register_password.bind('<FocusIn>', show_criteria1)
        register_password.config(width=20, font=REGULAR_FONT)

        def show_criteria2(t):
            confirm_password.delete(0, 'end')

        confirm_password.insert(0, 'At least 1 number from 0 to 9.')
        confirm_password.bind('<FocusIn>', show_criteria2)
        confirm_password.config(width=20, font=REGULAR_FONT)

        # user chooses Gender
        # define variable for Gender Options
        var = tk.StringVar()
        var.set('Male')

        # buttons for Gender Options
        register_gender = tk.LabelFrame(register, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        answer_male = tk.Radiobutton(register_gender, text='Male', background='#FFFFFF', variable=var,
                                     value='Male', font=SMALL_FONT)
        answer_female = tk.Radiobutton(register_gender, text='Female', background='#FFFFFF', variable=var,
                                       value='Female', font=SMALL_FONT)
        answer_other = tk.Radiobutton(register_gender, text='Other', background='#FFFFFF', variable=var,
                                      value='Other', font=SMALL_FONT)
        register_gender.grid(row=2, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        answer_male.pack(expand=True, side='left')
        answer_female.pack(expand=True, side='left')
        answer_other.pack(expand=True, side='left')

        # user chooses Security Questions
        # list for Security Questions
        questions = []
        # define variable for Security Questions
        variable = tk.StringVar()
        # text file of Security Questions
        world = open('securityquestions.txt', 'r')
        for securityquestions in world:
            securityquestions = securityquestions.rstrip('\n')
            # add Security Questions to list
            questions.append(securityquestions)
        variable.set(questions[5])

        # dropdown menu for Security Questions
        security_question = tk.OptionMenu(register, variable, *questions)
        security_question.grid(row=5, column=1)
        security_question.config(width=20, font=SMALL_FONT)

        # create function to verify registration
        def verify_register():
            # counts which fields have been filled
            counter = 0
            error = ''
            if register_name.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if register_username.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if var.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if register_password.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if confirm_password.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            # check whether password fulfills the criteria
            if re.search('[0-9]', register_password.get()) is None:
                error = 'Password must have at least 1 number.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            # check whether password fulfills the criteria
            if re.search('[0-9]', confirm_password.get()) is None:
                error = 'Password must have at least 1 number.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            # check whether passwords match
            if register_password.get() != confirm_password.get():
                error = 'Passwords do not match.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if variable.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if security_answer.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1

            # verify register using counter (check if all fields have been filled, passwords fulfill criteria and match)
            if counter == 10:
                try:
                    # create a / connect to Database
                    con = sqlite3.connect('User_Data.db')
                    # create Cursor
                    cur = con.cursor()

                    # enter into table
                    cur.execute('''INSERT INTO User_Data VALUES (:name, :username, :gender, 
                                                        :password, :question, :answer)''',
                                {
                                    'name': register_name.get(),
                                    'username': register_username.get(),
                                    'gender': var.get(),
                                    'password': register_password.get(),
                                    'question': variable.get(),
                                    'answer': security_answer.get()
                                })

                    # commit changes to Database
                    con.commit()
                    # close connection
                    con.close()

                    # clear entry fields
                    register_name.delete(0, 'end')
                    register_username.delete(0, 'end')
                    register_password.delete(0, 'end')
                    confirm_password.delete(0, 'end')
                    security_answer.delete(0, 'end')

                    # display successful registration message
                    messagebox.showinfo(message='Registration was successful.')

                    # redirect to Login Page
                    controller.show(LoginPage)

                except Exception as e:
                    messagebox.showerror('', e)
            else:
                messagebox.showerror('Error', error)

        # Register Button
        register_button = tk.Button(register, width=10, text='Register', font=REGULAR_FONT, relief='raised',
                                    command=verify_register)
        register_button.grid(row=7, column=1, sticky='e', pady=10, padx=20)
        register.place(anchor='center', relx=.5, rely=.5)


class ChangePasswordForm(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        password_change = tk.Frame(self, bd=1, background='#FFFFFF', relief='solid', padx=20, pady=20)

        # Change Password Form Questions (Username, Security Question, Security Answer, New Password and New Password
        # Confirmation)
        tk.Label(password_change, text='Username', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=0,
                                                                                                 column=0, sticky='w',
                                                                                                 pady=10)
        tk.Label(password_change, text='User ID', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=2,
                                                                                                column=0,
                                                                                                sticky='w',
                                                                                                pady=10)
        tk.Label(password_change, text='Security Question', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=3,
                                                                                                          column=0,
                                                                                                          sticky='w',
                                                                                                          pady=10)
        tk.Label(password_change, text='Security Answer', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=4,
                                                                                                        column=0,
                                                                                                        sticky='w',
                                                                                                        pady=10)
        tk.Label(password_change, text='New Password', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=5,
                                                                                                     column=0,
                                                                                                     sticky='w',
                                                                                                     pady=10)
        tk.Label(password_change, text='Confirm New Password', background='#FFFFFF', font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=6,
                                                                                                             column=0,
                                                                                                             sticky='w',
                                                                                                             pady=10)

        # Change Password Form Answer (User Entry)
        # user only manually enters Username, Security Answer, New Password and New Password Confirmation
        check_username = tk.Entry(password_change, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        user_id = tk.Entry(password_change, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        check_securityanswer = tk.Entry(password_change, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        new_password = tk.Entry(password_change, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        confirm_newpassword = tk.Entry(password_change, font=REGULAR_FONT)
        check_username.grid(row=0, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        user_id.grid(row=2, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        check_securityanswer.grid(row=4, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        new_password.grid(row=5, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)
        confirm_newpassword.grid(row=6, column=1, pady=10, padx=20)

        # create function which finds User ID (oid)
        def query():
            # create / connect to Database
            con = sqlite3.connect('User_Data.db')
            # create Cursor
            cur = con.cursor()

            # Query Database
            # print primary key (oid) created by sqlite
            username_input = check_username.get()
            cur.execute('SELECT *, oid FROM User_Data WHERE username = ?', (username_input,))
            user_records = cur.fetchall()

            # define variables for print records and find security question
            print_records = ''
            find_securityquestion = ''

            # loop through results
            for user_record in user_records:
                print_records += str(user_record[0]) + '\t' + str(user_record[1]) + '\t' + str(user_record[6]) + '\n'
                find_securityquestion += str(user_record[4])

            # display User ID
            tk.Label(password_change, text=print_records, font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=1, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)
            tk.Label(password_change, text=find_securityquestion, font=REGULAR_FONT).grid(row=3, column=1,
                                                                                          padx=10, pady=10)

            # commit changes to Database
            con.commit()
            # close connection
            con.close()

        # Find User ID Button
        find_userid = tk.Button(password_change, width=10, text='Find User ID', font=REGULAR_FONT, relief='raised',
                                command=query)
        find_userid.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky='w', pady=10)

        # define function which writes password criteria in entry box
        def show_criteria1(t):
            new_password.delete(0, 'end')

        new_password.insert(0, 'At least 1 number from 0 to 9.')
        new_password.bind('<FocusIn>', show_criteria1)
        new_password.config(width=20, font=SMALL_FONT)

        def show_criteria2(t):
            confirm_newpassword.delete(0, 'end')

        confirm_newpassword.insert(0, 'At least 1 number from 0 to 9.')
        confirm_newpassword.bind('<FocusIn>', show_criteria2)
        confirm_newpassword.config(width=20, font=SMALL_FONT)

        # create function which updates password record
        def change_password():
            # define variable for User ID entered by user
            userid_input = user_id.get()
            # counts which fields have been filled, whether passwords fulfill criteria and match
            counter = 0
            error = ''
            if check_username.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if user_id.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if re.search('[0-9]', user_id.get()) is None:
                error = 'Please enter the correct User ID.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if check_securityanswer.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if new_password.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            if confirm_newpassword.get() == '':
                error = 'All details must be filled up.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            # check whether password fulfills the criteria
            if re.search('[0-9]', new_password.get()) is None:
                error = 'Passwords must have at least 1 number.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            # check whether password fulfills the criteria
            if re.search('[0-9]', confirm_newpassword.get()) is None:
                error = 'Passwords must have at least 1 number.'
            else:
                counter += 1
            # check whether passwords match
            if new_password.get() != confirm_newpassword.get():
                error = 'Passwords do not match.'
            else:
                counter += 1

            # verify password change using counter (check if all fields have been filled, user id is correct,
            # passwords fulfill criteria and match)
            if counter == 9:
                try:
                    # create / connect to Database
                    con = sqlite3.connect('User_Data.db')
                    # create Cursor
                    cur = con.cursor()

                    # Query Database
                    # check whether data entered by user matches data in database using User ID input (oid)
                    cur.execute('SELECT * FROM User_Data WHERE answer = ? AND oid = ?', (check_securityanswer.get(),
                                                                                         userid_input))
                    if cur.fetchall():
                        cur.execute('''UPDATE User_Data SET password = :password WHERE oid = :oid''',
                                    {'password': new_password.get(), 'oid': userid_input})

                        # commit changes to Database
                        con.commit()
                        # close connection
                        con.close()

                        # clear entry fields
                        check_username.delete(0, 'end')
                        user_id.delete(0, 'end')
                        check_securityanswer.delete(0, 'end')
                        new_password.delete(0, 'end')
                        confirm_newpassword.delete(0, 'end')

                        # message displayed saying password change was successful
                        messagebox.showinfo(message='Password was changed successfully..')

                        # redirect to Login Page
                        controller.show(LoginPage)

                    # display security answer is incorrect message
                    else:
                        messagebox.showerror(message='Security Answer is incorrect.')
                except Exception as e:
                    messagebox.showerror('', e)

            else:
                messagebox.showerror('Error', error)

        # Change Password Button
        changepassword_button = tk.Button(password_change, width=15, text='Change Password', font=REGULAR_FONT,
                                          relief='raised', command=change_password)
        changepassword_button.grid(row=7, column=1, sticky='e', padx=10, pady=10)

        password_change.place(anchor='center', relx=.5, rely=.5)


window = MainDisplay()
window.title('Maze Game')
window.config(background='#E1D4E7')

# Display window at the center of the screen
screen_width = window.winfo_width()
screen_height = window.winfo_height()

window_x = (screen_width / 2) - (WINDOW_WIDTH / 2)
window_y = (screen_height / 2) - (WINDOW_HEIGHT / 2)
window.geometry(f'{WINDOW_WIDTH}x{WINDOW_HEIGHT}+{int(window_x)}+{int(window_y)}')

window.mainloop()

'''

Answer 1

您可以使用 window.eval("tk::PlaceWindow .center") 使窗口出现在屏幕中央。
颜色代码“#E1D4E7”似乎更接近白色，尝试使用任何其他较暗的颜色来验证它是否有效