Haskell 中的实例声明
我有这两个函数:
primes = sieve [2..]
where
sieve (p:xs) = p : sieve [x|x <- xs, x `mod` p > 0]
isPrime number = number /= 1 && null [x | x <- takeWhile (\x -> x < (ceiling . sqrt) number) primes, mod number x == 0]
问题是,当我尝试加载包含这些函数的模块时,我看到以下错误消息:
[2 of 2] Compiling Main ( euler37.hs, interpreted )
euler37.hs:6:70:
No instance for (RealFrac Int)
arising from a use of `ceiling'
Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (RealFrac Int)
In the first argument of `(.)', namely `ceiling'
In the expression: ceiling . sqrt
In the second argument of `(<)', namely `(ceiling . sqrt) number'
euler37.hs:6:80:
No instance for (Floating Int)
arising from a use of `sqrt'
Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Floating Int)
In the second argument of `(.)', namely `sqrt'
In the expression: ceiling . sqrt
In the second argument of `(<)', namely `(ceiling . sqrt) number'
我真的不明白问题是什么,因为当我尝试创建一个小函数时来自一段代码,据我所知,它导致了这些错误,就在 ghci 中,就像 令 f 数 x = x < (上限 . sqrt)数量 我没有看到任何错误消息。
I have these two functions:
primes = sieve [2..]
where
sieve (p:xs) = p : sieve [x|x <- xs, x `mod` p > 0]
isPrime number = number /= 1 && null [x | x <- takeWhile (\x -> x < (ceiling . sqrt) number) primes, mod number x == 0]
The thing is that when I'm trying to load module which contains those functions, I see following error message:
[2 of 2] Compiling Main ( euler37.hs, interpreted )
euler37.hs:6:70:
No instance for (RealFrac Int)
arising from a use of `ceiling'
Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (RealFrac Int)
In the first argument of `(.)', namely `ceiling'
In the expression: ceiling . sqrt
In the second argument of `(<)', namely `(ceiling . sqrt) number'
euler37.hs:6:80:
No instance for (Floating Int)
arising from a use of `sqrt'
Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Floating Int)
In the second argument of `(.)', namely `sqrt'
In the expression: ceiling . sqrt
In the second argument of `(<)', namely `(ceiling . sqrt) number'
I really can't understand what's the problem, because when I'm trying to make a small function from piece of code, which, as far as I understand, cause these errors, right in ghci, like
let f number x = x < (ceiling . sqrt) number
I don't see any error messages.
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问题在于
primes
是一个整数列表(由于您使用了mod
),但sqrt
对浮点数进行运算。如果你这样做x < (ceiling . sqrt . fromIntegral) number
,那么它就可以正常工作。fromIntegral
只是将整数转换为任何其他数字类型:在这种情况下,由于您没有指定要转换为的任何特定浮点类型,因此它将默认使用 Double 值来计算平方根。您可以通过将
fromIntegral
更改为(fromIntegral :: Integer -> Float)
来指定其他类型。您在 GHCi 中没有看到此错误的原因是您的条件很好;它只是适用于与您在这里使用的类型不同的类型。仅单独验证一段代码是否正确是不够的。为了让它通过类型检查器,它也必须在上下文中有意义。
您可能需要考虑使用整数平方根算法来提高准确性。
The problem is that
primes
is a list of Integers (due to your use ofmod
), butsqrt
operates on floating-point numbers. If you dox < (ceiling . sqrt . fromIntegral) number
, then it'll work fine.fromIntegral
just converts an integral number into any other numeric type:In this case, since you don't specify any specific floating-point type to convert to, it'll default to using Double values to compute the square root. You could specify another type by changing
fromIntegral
to something like(fromIntegral :: Integer -> Float)
.The reason you don't see this error in GHCi is because your conditional is fine; it just works on different types to the ones you're using here. Just verifying that a piece of code is correct in isolation isn't enough; for it to pass the type checker, it has to make sense in context too.
You might want to consider using an integer square root algorithm for accuracy.