Python中定义类变量的正确方法

发布于 2024-12-31 21:15:55 字数 367 浏览 1 评论 0原文

我注意到在 Python 中,人们以两种不同的方式初始化类属性。

第一种方式是这样的:

class MyClass:
  __element1 = 123
  __element2 = "this is Africa"

  def __init__(self):
    #pass or something else

另一种方式是这样的:

class MyClass:
  def __init__(self):
    self.__element1 = 123
    self.__element2 = "this is Africa"

初始化类属性的正确方法是什么?

I noticed that in Python, people initialize their class attributes in two different ways.

The first way is like this:

class MyClass:
  __element1 = 123
  __element2 = "this is Africa"

  def __init__(self):
    #pass or something else

The other style looks like:

class MyClass:
  def __init__(self):
    self.__element1 = 123
    self.__element2 = "this is Africa"

Which is the correct way to initialize class attributes?

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评论(2

抱着落日 2025-01-07 21:15:55

这两种方式都不一定正确或不正确,它们只是两种不同类型的类元素:

  • __init__ 方法之外的元素是静态元素;他们属于班级。
  • __init__ 方法中的元素是对象的元素 (self);他们不属于这个阶级。

通过一些代码,您将更清楚地看到它:

class MyClass:
    static_elem = 123

    def __init__(self):
        self.object_elem = 456

c1 = MyClass()
c2 = MyClass()

# Initial values of both elements
>>> print c1.static_elem, c1.object_elem 
123 456
>>> print c2.static_elem, c2.object_elem
123 456

# Nothing new so far ...

# Let's try changing the static element
MyClass.static_elem = 999

>>> print c1.static_elem, c1.object_elem
999 456
>>> print c2.static_elem, c2.object_elem
999 456

# Now, let's try changing the object element
c1.object_elem = 888

>>> print c1.static_elem, c1.object_elem
999 888
>>> print c2.static_elem, c2.object_elem
999 456

如您所见,当我们更改类元素时,两个对象都发生了更改。但是,当我们更改对象元素时,另一个对象保持不变。

Neither way is necessarily correct or incorrect, they are just two different kinds of class elements:

  • Elements outside the __init__ method are static elements; they belong to the class.
  • Elements inside the __init__ method are elements of the object (self); they don't belong to the class.

You'll see it more clearly with some code:

class MyClass:
    static_elem = 123

    def __init__(self):
        self.object_elem = 456

c1 = MyClass()
c2 = MyClass()

# Initial values of both elements
>>> print c1.static_elem, c1.object_elem 
123 456
>>> print c2.static_elem, c2.object_elem
123 456

# Nothing new so far ...

# Let's try changing the static element
MyClass.static_elem = 999

>>> print c1.static_elem, c1.object_elem
999 456
>>> print c2.static_elem, c2.object_elem
999 456

# Now, let's try changing the object element
c1.object_elem = 888

>>> print c1.static_elem, c1.object_elem
999 888
>>> print c2.static_elem, c2.object_elem
999 456

As you can see, when we changed the class element, it changed for both objects. But, when we changed the object element, the other object remained unchanged.

从﹋此江山别 2025-01-07 21:15:55

我认为这个示例解释了样式之间的区别:

james@bodacious-wired:~$cat test.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python

class MyClass:
    element1 = "Hello"

    def __init__(self):
        self.element2 = "World"

obj = MyClass()

print dir(MyClass)
print "--"
print dir(obj)
print "--"
print obj.element1 
print obj.element2
print MyClass.element1 + " " + MyClass.element2
james@bodacious-wired:~$./test.py 
['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'element1']
--
['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'element1', 'element2']
--
Hello
World
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./test.py", line 17, in <module>
    print MyClass.element2
AttributeError: class MyClass has no attribute 'element2'

element1 绑定到类,element2 绑定到类的实例。

I think this sample explains the difference between the styles:

james@bodacious-wired:~$cat test.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python

class MyClass:
    element1 = "Hello"

    def __init__(self):
        self.element2 = "World"

obj = MyClass()

print dir(MyClass)
print "--"
print dir(obj)
print "--"
print obj.element1 
print obj.element2
print MyClass.element1 + " " + MyClass.element2
james@bodacious-wired:~$./test.py 
['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'element1']
--
['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'element1', 'element2']
--
Hello
World
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./test.py", line 17, in <module>
    print MyClass.element2
AttributeError: class MyClass has no attribute 'element2'

element1 is bound to the class, element2 is bound to an instance of the class.

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