libao 示例在编译为 python 模块时不起作用
我试图用Python做一点PCM声音,但是我尝试过的所有包都太多了,或者没有文档记录,或者已经死了,所以我决定用libao做一个简单的。
我使用 xiph 的 this source code 作为起点.org 播放 440Hz 1 秒,我用 gcc -o ao_example ao_example.c -lao -ldl -lm
编译它,我成功运行了这段代码,立即听到 440Hz两个通道都正弦 1 秒。
到目前为止,一切都很好。
因此,我 $ cp ao_exemple.c mySoundAo.c
并编辑了 mySoundAo.c
以编译为 Python 模块。完整代码如下:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ao/ao.h>
#include <Python.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 4096
static PyObject* py_soundAo(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
ao_device *device;
ao_sample_format format;
int default_driver;
char *buffer;
int buf_size;
int sample;
float freq = 440.0;
int i;
/* -- Initialize -- */
fprintf(stderr, "libao example program\n");
ao_initialize();
/* -- Setup for default driver -- */
default_driver = ao_default_driver_id();
memset(&format, 0, sizeof(format));
format.bits = 16;
format.channels = 2;
format.rate = 44100;
format.byte_format = AO_FMT_LITTLE;
/* -- Open driver -- */
device = ao_open_live(default_driver, &format, NULL /* no options */);
if (device == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error opening device.\n");
return Py_BuildValue("", 0);
}
/* -- Play some stuff -- */
buf_size = format.bits/8 * format.channels * format.rate;
buffer = calloc(buf_size,
sizeof(char));
for (i = 0; i < format.rate; i++) {
sample = (int)(0.75 * 32768.0 * sin(2 * M_PI * freq * ((float) i/format.rate)));
/* Put the same stuff in left and right channel */
buffer[4*i] = buffer[4*i+2] = sample & 0xff;
buffer[4*i+1] = buffer[4*i+3] = (sample >> 8) & 0xff;
}
ao_play(device, buffer, buf_size);
/* -- Close and shutdown -- */
ao_close(device);
ao_shutdown();
return Py_BuildValue("", 0);
}
static PyMethodDef mySoundAo_methods[] = {
{"soundAo", py_soundAo, METH_VARARGS},
{NULL, NULL}
};
void initmySoundAo()
{
(void) Py_InitModule("mySoundAo", mySoundAo_methods);
}
所以我编译为 gcc -shared -I/usr/include/python2.7/ -o mySoundAo.so mySoundAo.c -lpython2.7 -lm -lsndfile -lao -ldl我收到了这样的警告:
In file included from /usr/include/python2.7/Python.h:8:0,
from mySoundAo.c:5:
/usr/include/python2.7/pyconfig.h:1158:0: warning: "_POSIX_C_SOURCE" redefined [enabled by default]
/usr/include/features.h:214:0: note: this is the location of the previous definition
听起来不太危险,所以我继续前进。
在 python 中,我执行了以下操作:
$ python
Python 2.7.2+ (default, Oct 4 2011, 20:03:08)
[GCC 4.6.1] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import mySoundAo
>>> mySoundAo.soundAo()
libao example program
Error opening device.
>>>
没有声音。稍微检查一下代码,我发现函数 ao_initialize();
挂起大约 4 秒,下面的行 default_driver = ao_default_driver_id();
将此变量设置为 -1 (错误)。
这种行为很奇怪,因为它几乎是相同的代码。
那么,有什么想法可以让这项工作成功吗?
谢谢你!
I was trying to PCM sound a little bit in Python, but all the packages I've tried were too much or were undocumented or dead, so I decided to make a simple one with libao.
I used as start point this source code by xiph.org that plays 440Hz for 1 second, and I compiled it with gcc -o ao_example ao_example.c -lao -ldl -lm
and I run successfully this code, immediately hearing a 440Hz sine for 1 second in both channels.
So far, so good.
So I $ cp ao_exemple.c mySoundAo.c
and I edited mySoundAo.c
to be compiled as Python module. The full code follows:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ao/ao.h>
#include <Python.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 4096
static PyObject* py_soundAo(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
{
ao_device *device;
ao_sample_format format;
int default_driver;
char *buffer;
int buf_size;
int sample;
float freq = 440.0;
int i;
/* -- Initialize -- */
fprintf(stderr, "libao example program\n");
ao_initialize();
/* -- Setup for default driver -- */
default_driver = ao_default_driver_id();
memset(&format, 0, sizeof(format));
format.bits = 16;
format.channels = 2;
format.rate = 44100;
format.byte_format = AO_FMT_LITTLE;
/* -- Open driver -- */
device = ao_open_live(default_driver, &format, NULL /* no options */);
if (device == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error opening device.\n");
return Py_BuildValue("", 0);
}
/* -- Play some stuff -- */
buf_size = format.bits/8 * format.channels * format.rate;
buffer = calloc(buf_size,
sizeof(char));
for (i = 0; i < format.rate; i++) {
sample = (int)(0.75 * 32768.0 * sin(2 * M_PI * freq * ((float) i/format.rate)));
/* Put the same stuff in left and right channel */
buffer[4*i] = buffer[4*i+2] = sample & 0xff;
buffer[4*i+1] = buffer[4*i+3] = (sample >> 8) & 0xff;
}
ao_play(device, buffer, buf_size);
/* -- Close and shutdown -- */
ao_close(device);
ao_shutdown();
return Py_BuildValue("", 0);
}
static PyMethodDef mySoundAo_methods[] = {
{"soundAo", py_soundAo, METH_VARARGS},
{NULL, NULL}
};
void initmySoundAo()
{
(void) Py_InitModule("mySoundAo", mySoundAo_methods);
}
So I compiled as gcc -shared -I/usr/include/python2.7/ -o mySoundAo.so mySoundAo.c -lpython2.7 -lm -lsndfile -lao -ldl
and I had this warning:
In file included from /usr/include/python2.7/Python.h:8:0,
from mySoundAo.c:5:
/usr/include/python2.7/pyconfig.h:1158:0: warning: "_POSIX_C_SOURCE" redefined [enabled by default]
/usr/include/features.h:214:0: note: this is the location of the previous definition
Doesn't sound much dangerous, so I moved on.
In python, I did the following:
$ python
Python 2.7.2+ (default, Oct 4 2011, 20:03:08)
[GCC 4.6.1] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import mySoundAo
>>> mySoundAo.soundAo()
libao example program
Error opening device.
>>>
With no sound. Inspecting the code a little bit, I discovered the function ao_initialize();
hangs for about 4 second and the following line default_driver = ao_default_driver_id();
sets this variable to -1 (error).
This behavior is strange, since it's almost the same code.
So, any ideas to make this work?
Thank you!
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您收到的警告是无害的,只需将
#include
移至顶部即可让标准库正确识别已定义的宏。该问题可能是由于
/usr/lib/ao/plugins-4/libalsa.so
编译错误造成的(如果在中设置了
)。由于ao的alsa插件加载失败,ao尝试了所有其他选项,并耗尽了4秒的nas超时(这就是延迟的原因)。debug
就会提到这个文件~ /.libao.conf要检查错误编译(或错误链接)的
libalsa.so
是否是问题所在,请运行输出中的错误应该指出符号存在问题。您可以简单地自己下载libao,并修补
libao-*/src/plugins/alsa/ao_alsa.c
中的行,或者复制ao_is_big_endian
中的定义,或者修复的链接。The warning you get is harmless, simply moving
#include <Python.h>
to the top should let the standard library correctly recognize the macro is already defined.The problem is probably caused by a miscompiled
/usr/lib/ao/plugins-4/libalsa.so
(this file is mentioned if you setdebug
in~/.libao.conf
). Since the ao's alsa plugin fails to load, ao tries all other options, and exhausts the nas timeout of 4 seconds (that's the cause for the delay).To check whether the miscompiled (or mislinked)
libalsa.so
is the problem, runThe error in the output should points to a problem with the symbol. You can simply download libao yourself, and patch out the line in
libao-*/src/plugins/alsa/ao_alsa.c
, or copy the definition fromao_is_big_endian
, or fix the linking.