DirectX OMSetRenderTargets 中的访问冲突

Question

在 D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_1 中运行 DirectX 11 的 Triangle 示例应用程序时，我收到以下错误（Lesson2.Triangles.exe 中 0x527DAE81 (d3d11_1sdklayers.dll) 处未处理的异常：0xC0000005：访问冲突读取位置 0x00000000）。此错误发生在 OMSetRenderTargets 函数中，如下所示，如果我从程序中删除该函数，则不会发生此错误（但是屏幕为蓝色，并且不渲染三角形）

//// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
//// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
//// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
//// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
////
//// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved

#include 
#include 
#include "DirectXSample.h"
#include "BasicMath.h"
#include "BasicReaderWriter.h"

using namespace Microsoft::WRL;
using namespace Windows::UI::Core;
using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::ApplicationModel::Core;
using namespace Windows::ApplicationModel::Infrastructure;

// This class defines the application as a whole.
ref class Direct3DTutorialViewProvider : public IViewProvider
{
private:
    CoreWindow^ m_window;
    ComPtr m_swapChain;
    ComPtr m_d3dDevice;
    ComPtr m_d3dDeviceContext;
    ComPtr m_renderTargetView;

public:
    // This method is called on application launch.
    void Initialize(
        _In_ CoreWindow^ window,
        _In_ CoreApplicationView^ applicationView
        )
    {
        m_window = window;
    }

    // This method is called after Initialize.
    void Load(_In_ Platform::String^ entryPoint)
    {
    }

    // This method is called after Load.
    void Run()
    {
        // First, create the Direct3D device.

        // This flag is required in order to enable compatibility with Direct2D.
        UINT creationFlags = D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT;

#if defined(_DEBUG)
        // If the project is in a debug build, enable debugging via SDK Layers with this flag.
        creationFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
#endif

        // This array defines the ordering of feature levels that D3D should attempt to create.
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] = 
        {
            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1,
            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,
            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,
            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,
            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3,
            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_1
        };

        ComPtr d3dDevice;
        ComPtr d3dDeviceContext;
        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            D3D11CreateDevice(
                nullptr,                    // specify nullptr to use the default adapter
                D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,
                nullptr,                    // leave as nullptr if hardware is used
                creationFlags,              // optionally set debug and Direct2D compatibility flags
                featureLevels,
                ARRAYSIZE(featureLevels),
                D3D11_SDK_VERSION,          // always set this to D3D11_SDK_VERSION
                &d3dDevice,
                nullptr,
                &d3dDeviceContext
                )
            );

        // Retrieve the Direct3D 11.1 interfaces.
        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            d3dDevice.As(&m_d3dDevice)
            );

        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            d3dDeviceContext.As(&m_d3dDeviceContext)
            );


        // After the D3D device is created, create additional application resources.
        CreateWindowSizeDependentResources();

        // Create a Basic Reader-Writer class to load data from disk.  This class is examined
        // in the Resource Loading sample.
        BasicReaderWriter^ reader = ref new BasicReaderWriter();

        // Load the raw vertex shader bytecode from disk and create a vertex shader with it.
        auto vertexShaderBytecode = reader->ReadData("SimpleVertexShader.cso");
        ComPtr vertexShader;
        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            m_d3dDevice->CreateVertexShader(
                vertexShaderBytecode->Data,
                vertexShaderBytecode->Length,
                nullptr,
                &vertexShader
                )
            );

        // Create an input layout that matches the layout defined in the vertex shader code.
        // For this lesson, this is simply a float2 vector defining the vertex position.
        const D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC basicVertexLayoutDesc[] = 
        {
            { "POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT, 0,  0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },
        };

        ComPtr inputLayout;
        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            m_d3dDevice->CreateInputLayout(
                basicVertexLayoutDesc,
                ARRAYSIZE(basicVertexLayoutDesc),
                vertexShaderBytecode->Data,
                vertexShaderBytecode->Length,
                &inputLayout
                )
            );

        // Load the raw pixel shader bytecode from disk and create a pixel shader with it.
        auto pixelShaderBytecode = reader->ReadData("SimplePixelShader.cso");
        ComPtr pixelShader;
        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            m_d3dDevice->CreatePixelShader(
                pixelShaderBytecode->Data,
                pixelShaderBytecode->Length,
                nullptr,
                &pixelShader
                )
            );

        // Create vertex and index buffers that define a simple triangle.

        float3 triangleVertices[] = 
        {
            float3(-0.5f, -0.5f,13.5f),
            float3( 0.0f,  0.5f,0),
            float3( 0.5f, -0.5f,0),
        };


        D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc = {0};
        vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(float3) * ARRAYSIZE(triangleVertices);
        vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
        vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
        vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
        vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
        vertexBufferDesc.StructureByteStride = 0;

        D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData;
        vertexBufferData.pSysMem = triangleVertices;
        vertexBufferData.SysMemPitch = 0;
        vertexBufferData.SysMemSlicePitch = 0;

        ComPtr vertexBuffer;
        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(
                &vertexBufferDesc,
                &vertexBufferData,
                &vertexBuffer
                )
            );




        // Once all D3D resources are created, configure the application window.

        // Allow the application to respond when the window size changes.
        m_window->SizeChanged +=
            ref new TypedEventHandler(
                this,
                &Direct3DTutorialViewProvider::OnWindowSizeChanged
                );

        // Specify the cursor type as the standard arrow cursor.
        m_window->PointerCursor = ref new CoreCursor(CoreCursorType::Arrow, 0);

        // Activate the application window, making it visible and enabling it to receive events.
        m_window->Activate();

        // Enter the render loop.  Note that tailored applications should never exit.
        while (true)
        {
            // Process events incoming to the window.
            m_window->Dispatcher->ProcessEvents(CoreProcessEventsOption::ProcessAllIfPresent);

            // Specify the render target we created as the output target.
            ID3D11RenderTargetView* targets[1] = {m_renderTargetView.Get()};
            m_d3dDeviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(
                1,
                targets,
                NULL // use no depth stencil
                );

            // Clear the render target to a solid color.
            const float clearColor[4] = { 0.071f, 0.04f, 0.561f, 1.0f };
//Code fails here
            m_d3dDeviceContext->ClearRenderTargetView(
                m_renderTargetView.Get(),
                clearColor
                );

            m_d3dDeviceContext->IASetInputLayout(inputLayout.Get());

            // Set the vertex and index buffers, and specify the way they define geometry.
            UINT stride = sizeof(float3);
            UINT offset = 0;
            m_d3dDeviceContext->IASetVertexBuffers(
                0,
                1,
                vertexBuffer.GetAddressOf(),
                &stride,
                &offset
                );


            m_d3dDeviceContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);

            // Set the vertex and pixel shader stage state.
            m_d3dDeviceContext->VSSetShader(
                vertexShader.Get(),
                nullptr,
                0
                );

            m_d3dDeviceContext->PSSetShader(
                pixelShader.Get(),
                nullptr,
                0
                );

            // Draw the cube.
            m_d3dDeviceContext->Draw(3,0);

            // Present the rendered image to the window.  Because the maximum frame latency is set to 1,
            // the render loop will generally be throttled to the screen refresh rate, typically around
            // 60Hz, by sleeping the application on Present until the screen is refreshed.
            DX::ThrowIfFailed(
                m_swapChain->Present(1, 0)
                );
        }
    }

    // This method is called before the application exits.
    void Uninitialize()
    {
    }

private:

    // This method is called whenever the application window size changes.
    void OnWindowSizeChanged(
        _In_ CoreWindow^ sender,
        _In_ WindowSizeChangedEventArgs^ args
        )
    {    
        m_renderTargetView = nullptr;
        CreateWindowSizeDependentResources();
    }

    // This method creates all application resources that depend on
    // the application window size.  It is called at app initialization,
    // and whenever the application window size changes.
    void CreateWindowSizeDependentResources()
    {
        if (m_swapChain != nullptr)
        {
            // If the swap chain already exists, resize it.
            DX::ThrowIfFailed(
                m_swapChain->ResizeBuffers(
                    2,
                    0,
                    0,
                    DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
                    0
                    )
                );
        }
        else
        {
            // If the swap chain does not exist, create it.
            DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 swapChainDesc = {0};

            swapChainDesc.Stereo = false;
            swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
            swapChainDesc.Scaling = DXGI_SCALING_NONE;
            swapChainDesc.Flags = 0;

            // Use automatic sizing.
            swapChainDesc.Width = 0;
            swapChainDesc.Height = 0;

            // This is the most common swap chain format.
            swapChainDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

            // Don't use multi-sampling.
            swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
            swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;

            // Use two buffers to enable flip effect.
            swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 2;

            // We recommend using this swap effect for all applications.
            swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_FLIP_SEQUENTIAL;            


            // Once the swap chain description is configured, it must be
            // created on the same adapter as the existing D3D Device.

            // First, retrieve the underlying DXGI Device from the D3D Device.
            ComPtr dxgiDevice;
            DX::ThrowIfFailed(
                m_d3dDevice.As(&dxgiDevice)
                );

            // Ensure that DXGI does not queue more than one frame at a time. This both reduces 
            // latency and ensures that the application will only render after each VSync, minimizing 
            // power consumption.
            DX::ThrowIfFailed(
                dxgiDevice->SetMaximumFrameLatency(1)
                );

            // Next, get the parent factory from the DXGI Device.
            ComPtr dxgiAdapter;
            DX::ThrowIfFailed(
                dxgiDevice->GetAdapter(&dxgiAdapter)
                );

            ComPtr dxgiFactory;
            DX::ThrowIfFailed(
                dxgiAdapter->GetParent(
                    __uuidof(IDXGIFactory2), 
                    &dxgiFactory
                    )
                );

            // Finally, create the swap chain.
            DX::ThrowIfFailed(
                dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChainForImmersiveWindow(
                    m_d3dDevice.Get(),
                    DX::GetIUnknown(m_window),
                    &swapChainDesc,
                    nullptr, // allow on all displays
                    &m_swapChain
                    )
                );
        }

        // Once the swap chain is created, create a render target view.  This will
        // allow Direct3D to render graphics to the window.

        ComPtr backBuffer;
        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            m_swapChain->GetBuffer(
                0,
                __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D),
                &backBuffer
                )
            );

        DX::ThrowIfFailed(
            m_d3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(
                backBuffer.Get(),
                nullptr,
                &m_renderTargetView
                )
            );


        // After the render target view is created, specify that the viewport,
        // which describes what portion of the window to draw to, should cover
        // the entire window.

        D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC backBufferDesc = {0};
        backBuffer->GetDesc(&backBufferDesc);

        D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;
        viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f;
        viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f;
        viewport.Width = static_cast(backBufferDesc.Width);
        viewport.Height = static_cast(backBufferDesc.Height);
        viewport.MinDepth = D3D11_MIN_DEPTH;
        viewport.MaxDepth = D3D11_MAX_DEPTH;

        m_d3dDeviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);
    }
};

// This class defines how to create the custom View Provider defined above.
ref class Direct3DTutorialViewProviderFactory : IViewProviderFactory 
{
public:
    IViewProvider^ CreateViewProvider()
    {
        return ref new Direct3DTutorialViewProvider();
    }
};

[Platform::MTAThread]
int main(array^)
{
    auto viewProviderFactory = ref new Direct3DTutorialViewProviderFactory();
    Windows::ApplicationModel::Core::CoreApplication::Run(viewProviderFactory);
    return 0;
}

Answer 1

我暂时将此标记为答案。请随意发布不同的答案，我会对其进行调查，然后选择该答案。有时最好的答案是“Microsoft Magic”。微软似乎正在内部做一些没有向第三方开发人员公开的事情。在开发的现阶段还不能说太多，所以目前最好在旧设备上简单地使用 WARP 光栅器......

Answer 2

在我看来，好像您正在尝试使用某些已经释放的资源。也许您应该调试 Release() 的输出结果，因为它会告诉您现有引用的数量。