能够使用 DFS 找到路径,但无法指定 Pacman _ Python 的正确方向
我正在做一项在伯克利网站人工智能课程页面上找到的作业,以获取乐趣。我需要为 pacman 游戏编写一个深度优先搜索,以便它可以找到它的路径。问题是 pacman 被卡住了。我将首先粘贴代码以使我所说的更清楚:
import util
class SearchProblem:
"""
This class outlines the structure of a search problem, but doesn't implement
any of the methods (in object-oriented terminology: an abstract class).
You do not need to change anything in this class, ever.
"""
def getStartState(self):
"""
Returns the start state for the search problem
"""
util.raiseNotDefined()
def isGoalState(self, state):
"""
state: Search state
Returns True if and only if the state is a valid goal state
"""
util.raiseNotDefined()
def getSuccessors(self, state):
"""
state: Search state
For a given state, this should return a list of triples,
(successor, action, stepCost), where 'successor' is a
successor to the current state, 'action' is the action
required to get there, and 'stepCost' is the incremental
cost of expanding to that successor
"""
util.raiseNotDefined()
def getCostOfActions(self, actions):
"""
actions: A list of actions to take
This method returns the total cost of a particular sequence of actions. The sequence must
be composed of legal moves
"""
util.raiseNotDefined()
def tinyMazeSearch(problem):
"""
Returns a sequence of moves that solves tinyMaze. For any other
maze, the sequence of moves will be incorrect, so only use this for tinyMaze
"""
from game import Directions
s = Directions.SOUTH
w = Directions.WEST
return [s,s,w,s,w,w,s,w]
def depthFirstSearch(problem):
"""
Search the deepest nodes in the search tree first [p 74].
Your search algorithm needs to return a list of actions that reaches
the goal. Make sure to implement a graph search algorithm [Fig. 3.18].
To get started, you might want to try some of these simple commands to
understand the search problem that is being passed in:
print 'Start:', problem.getStartState()
print 'Is the start a goal?', problem.isGoalState(problem.getStartState())
print 'Start's successors:', problem.getSuccessors(problem.getStartState())
"""
# *** YOUR CODE HERE ***
start = [problem.getStartState()]
for item in start:
Open=[item]
State=[]
Closed=[]
Path=[]
if problem.isGoalState(Open[0]) is True:
return State
else:
while Open:
visit= Open.pop()
Closed.append(visit)
if State:
Path.append(State.pop())
if problem.isGoalState(visit) is True:
print Closed
return Path
else:
Successors= problem.getSuccessors(visit)
for index in Successors:
it=iter(index)
data=it.next()
if data not in Closed :
Open.append(data)
State.append(it.next())
else:
print Path
现在,如果您在 dfs 下阅读我的代码,您将看到打开的列表包含我访问和扩展的所有点。
Path 文件包含为 pacman 设置的方向。当我面临两个后继者都未被访问过的情况时,问题就出现了,我的吃豆人走了一条通向死胡同的路径,所以它需要回溯。我的 Open 做到了这一点并找到了解决方案,但我无法找到如何在我的路径列表中提供回溯方向的方法。如果您要访问 http://inst.eecs.berkeley .edu/~cs188/sp09/projects/search/search.html 并下载 zip 并将我的代码粘贴到 dfs search 下的 search.py
中你就会明白我的问题。
I am working on an assignment found on an AI course page at berkley website for fun. I need to write a depth-first search for the pacman game so that it can find its path.The problem is the pacman gets stuck. I'll paste the code first to make what I am saying more clear :
import util
class SearchProblem:
"""
This class outlines the structure of a search problem, but doesn't implement
any of the methods (in object-oriented terminology: an abstract class).
You do not need to change anything in this class, ever.
"""
def getStartState(self):
"""
Returns the start state for the search problem
"""
util.raiseNotDefined()
def isGoalState(self, state):
"""
state: Search state
Returns True if and only if the state is a valid goal state
"""
util.raiseNotDefined()
def getSuccessors(self, state):
"""
state: Search state
For a given state, this should return a list of triples,
(successor, action, stepCost), where 'successor' is a
successor to the current state, 'action' is the action
required to get there, and 'stepCost' is the incremental
cost of expanding to that successor
"""
util.raiseNotDefined()
def getCostOfActions(self, actions):
"""
actions: A list of actions to take
This method returns the total cost of a particular sequence of actions. The sequence must
be composed of legal moves
"""
util.raiseNotDefined()
def tinyMazeSearch(problem):
"""
Returns a sequence of moves that solves tinyMaze. For any other
maze, the sequence of moves will be incorrect, so only use this for tinyMaze
"""
from game import Directions
s = Directions.SOUTH
w = Directions.WEST
return [s,s,w,s,w,w,s,w]
def depthFirstSearch(problem):
"""
Search the deepest nodes in the search tree first [p 74].
Your search algorithm needs to return a list of actions that reaches
the goal. Make sure to implement a graph search algorithm [Fig. 3.18].
To get started, you might want to try some of these simple commands to
understand the search problem that is being passed in:
print 'Start:', problem.getStartState()
print 'Is the start a goal?', problem.isGoalState(problem.getStartState())
print 'Start's successors:', problem.getSuccessors(problem.getStartState())
"""
# *** YOUR CODE HERE ***
start = [problem.getStartState()]
for item in start:
Open=[item]
State=[]
Closed=[]
Path=[]
if problem.isGoalState(Open[0]) is True:
return State
else:
while Open:
visit= Open.pop()
Closed.append(visit)
if State:
Path.append(State.pop())
if problem.isGoalState(visit) is True:
print Closed
return Path
else:
Successors= problem.getSuccessors(visit)
for index in Successors:
it=iter(index)
data=it.next()
if data not in Closed :
Open.append(data)
State.append(it.next())
else:
print Path
Now if you will read my code under dfs you will see that open list contains all the points I visit and expanded.
The Path file contains the direction set for the pacman. The problem arises when I face the condition that both successors I get are unvisited, my pacman takes a path which leads to a dead end so it needs to backtrace. My Open does it and finds the solution but I am not able to find a way on how to provide the directions of backtracing in my path list. If you will go to http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs188/sp09/projects/search/search.html and download the zip and paste my code in search.py
under dfs search you will understand my problem.
如果你对这篇内容有疑问,欢迎到本站社区发帖提问 参与讨论,获取更多帮助,或者扫码二维码加入 Web 技术交流群。
绑定邮箱获取回复消息
由于您还没有绑定你的真实邮箱,如果其他用户或者作者回复了您的评论,将不能在第一时间通知您!
发布评论
评论(4)
一些提示:
Some hints:
当您考虑到某些搜索可能会产生超过 200 步长的路径时,如何存储路径是一个非常重要的主题。迭代列表多次...O(2^N) 还是O(3^N)?将任何类型的搜索列表作为路径存储机制都是错误的答案,尤其是当您进入 BFS 且任何时候您有多个目标时(意味着可以存在通过同一节点的多条路径)。列表的复杂性和数据存储是荒谬的。
我推荐链接列表作为路径存储机制。当您将节点推入边缘时,只需将它们键入具有唯一键的字典中并按下该键即可。然后,当您从边缘拉出一个节点时,您可以从字典中按原样获取整个状态。
如果你的状态的一部分是该状态之前在一个步骤中所处的节点,那么你就有了一条通往起点的路径;终端节点链接到它后面的节点,终端节点链接到它后面的节点,等等。使用像这样的唯一密钥系统允许通过同一点的多条路径,且数据成本极低;你仍然必须对自己走出边缘的道路保持理性。然而,任何时候你从边缘拉出任何东西,你都会拉动它的整个路径,只有 1 个数字。
How you store your path is a VERY important topic, when you consider that some of your searches might result in paths 200+ steps long. Iterating over a list that many times.... O(2^N) or O(3^N)? lists for any kind of search as a path storing mechanism are the wrong answer, especially when you get into BFS and any time you have multiple objectives (meaning, multiple paths through the same node can exist). List complexity and the data storage is ridiculous.
I recommend linklisting as a path storage mechanism. When you push your nodes into the fringe, simply key them into a dictionary with a unique key and push the key. Then when you pull a node from the fringe, you can get the entire state, as is, from the dictionary.
If part of your state is the node that that state was in one step previously, then you have a path to the start; the end node links to the one behind it, which links to the one behind it, etc. Using a unique key system like this allows multiple paths through the same point, at EXTREMELY low data cost; you still must be rational about which paths you pull off the fringe. However, any time you pull anything off the fringe, you pull it's entire path, with only 1 number.
我确实通过确保每次移动只有 1 距离来实现它。您的代码的问题之一是最后它尝试跳转 5 或 6 个位置。确保它的每一次移动都是 1,然后反向移动,直到移动距离变为 1 到达下一个目的地。提示曼哈顿距离()。
I did get it work by making sure each move is only 1 distance. One of the issue with your code was at the end it try to jump 5 or 6 places. Make sure every move it make is one and reverse till move distance become 1 to your next destination. Hint manhattanDistance().
我按照你说的改变了代码。现在我没有任何东西。
找到解决方案后打开 -( 1,1 是解决方案)
现在,如果您会注意到,当它获得三个列表成员时,它会采用一条死胡同的路径,现在打开能够回溯并找到正确的路径,但我需要一种以某种方式在 Path 变量中指定返回方向的方法,例如
Path = ['south',west' west'.................] 等
i changed the code as u said. right now i am not having anything in path.
this open after finding the solution -( 1,1 is the solution)
now if you will notice when it gets three list members it takes a path which was a dead end now the Open is able to backtrace and find the correct path but i need a way to somewhow specify the return direction in the Path variable like
for eg Path = ['south',west' west'.................] etc