平滑锯齿状路径

发布于 2024-12-02 00:45:09 字数 10291 浏览 6 评论 0原文

我正在参与线程将图像/图形转化为形状有一天,我做了一个黑客尝试,通过迭代地将矩形添加到区域来获取图像的轮廓。那是非常慢的。

此示例而是构建一个 GeneralPath 并从 GP 创建Area。快得多。

用于处理的示例图像

左上角的图像是“源图像”。右边的两个是处理轮廓的各个阶段。它们的圆周围和三角形的斜边都有锯齿状边缘。

我想要获得一种消除或减少锯齿的形状。

在 ASCII 艺术中。

情况 1:

  1234
1 **
2 **
3 ***
4 ***
5 ****
6 ****

角点位于:

  • (2,3) 内角
  • (3,3)
  • (3,5) 内角
  • (4,5)

情况 2:

  1234
1 ****
2 ****
3 **
4 **
5 ****
6 ****

角点位于:

  • (4,2)
  • (2,2) 内角
  • (2,5) 内角
  • (4,5)

假设我们的路径具有所示的形状和列出的点,我想删除第一组的“内角”点,同时保留“对”内角(咬掉图像)为第二个。


  • 有人能建议一些聪明的内置方法来完成这项繁重的工作吗?
  • 如果做不到这一点,那么确定位置和位置的好方法是什么?内角的性质(一对/单个)? (我猜我可以得到一个 PathIterator 并构建一个新的 GeneralPath,删除奇异的内角 - 如果我能弄清楚如何识别它们!)。

这是可以使用的代码:

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;

/* Gain the outline of an image for further processing. */
class ImageOutline {

    private BufferedImage image;

    private TwoToneImageFilter twoToneFilter;
    private BufferedImage imageTwoTone;
    private JLabel labelTwoTone;

    private BufferedImage imageOutline;
    private Area areaOutline = null;
    private JLabel labelOutline;

    private JLabel targetColor;
    private JSlider tolerance;

    private JProgressBar progress;
    private SwingWorker sw;

    public ImageOutline(BufferedImage image) {
        this.image = image;
        imageTwoTone = new BufferedImage(
            image.getWidth(),
            image.getHeight(),
            BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
    }

    public void drawOutline() {
        if (areaOutline!=null) {
            Graphics2D g = imageOutline.createGraphics();
            g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
            g.fillRect(0,0,imageOutline.getWidth(),imageOutline.getHeight());

            g.setColor(Color.RED);
            g.setClip(areaOutline);
            g.fillRect(0,0,imageOutline.getWidth(),imageOutline.getHeight());
            g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
            g.setClip(null);
            g.draw(areaOutline);

            g.dispose();
        }
    }

    public Area getOutline(Color target, BufferedImage bi) {
        // construct the GeneralPath
        GeneralPath gp = new GeneralPath();

        boolean cont = false;
        int targetRGB = target.getRGB();
        for (int xx=0; xx<bi.getWidth(); xx++) {
            for (int yy=0; yy<bi.getHeight(); yy++) {
                if (bi.getRGB(xx,yy)==targetRGB) {
                    if (cont) {
                        gp.lineTo(xx,yy);
                        gp.lineTo(xx,yy+1);
                        gp.lineTo(xx+1,yy+1);
                        gp.lineTo(xx+1,yy);
                        gp.lineTo(xx,yy);
                    } else {
                        gp.moveTo(xx,yy);
                    }
                    cont = true;
                } else {
                    cont = false;
                }
            }
            cont = false;
        }
        gp.closePath();

        // construct the Area from the GP & return it
        return new Area(gp);
    }

    public JPanel getGui() {
        JPanel images = new JPanel(new GridLayout(2,2,2,2));
        JPanel  gui = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(3,3));

        JPanel originalImage =  new JPanel(new BorderLayout(2,2));
        final JLabel originalLabel = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(image));
        targetColor = new JLabel("Target Color");
        targetColor.setForeground(Color.RED);
        targetColor.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        targetColor.setBorder(new LineBorder(Color.BLACK));
        targetColor.setOpaque(true);

        JPanel controls = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        controls.add(targetColor, BorderLayout.WEST);
        originalLabel.addMouseListener( new MouseAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) {
                originalLabel.setCursor(
                    Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.CROSSHAIR_CURSOR));
            }

            @Override
            public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) {
                originalLabel.setCursor(Cursor.getDefaultCursor());
            }

            @Override
            public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) {
                int x = me.getX();
                int y = me.getY();

                Color c = new Color( image.getRGB(x,y) );
                targetColor.setBackground( c );

                updateImages();
            }
        });
        originalImage.add(originalLabel);

        tolerance = new JSlider(
            JSlider.HORIZONTAL,
            0,
            255,
            104
            );
        tolerance.addChangeListener( new ChangeListener() {
            public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent ce) {
                updateImages();
            }
        });
        controls.add(tolerance, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        gui.add(controls,BorderLayout.NORTH);

        images.add(originalImage);

        labelTwoTone = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(imageTwoTone));

        images.add(labelTwoTone);

        images.add(new JLabel("Smoothed Outline"));

        imageOutline = new BufferedImage(
            image.getWidth(),
            image.getHeight(),
            BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB
            );

        labelOutline = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(imageOutline));
        images.add(labelOutline);

        updateImages();

        progress = new JProgressBar();

        gui.add(images, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        gui.add(progress, BorderLayout.SOUTH);

        return gui;
    }

    private void updateImages() {
        if (sw!=null) {
            sw.cancel(true);
        }
        sw = new SwingWorker() {
            @Override
            public String doInBackground() {
                progress.setIndeterminate(true);
                adjustTwoToneImage();
                labelTwoTone.repaint();
                areaOutline = getOutline(Color.BLACK, imageTwoTone);

                drawOutline();

                return "";
            }

            @Override
            protected void done() {
                labelOutline.repaint();
                progress.setIndeterminate(false);
            }
        };
        sw.execute();
    }

    public void adjustTwoToneImage() {
        twoToneFilter = new TwoToneImageFilter(
            targetColor.getBackground(),
            tolerance.getValue());

        Graphics2D g = imageTwoTone.createGraphics();
        g.drawImage(image, twoToneFilter, 0, 0);

        g.dispose();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        int size = 150;
        final BufferedImage outline =
            new BufferedImage(size,size,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        Graphics2D g = outline.createGraphics();
        g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
        g.fillRect(0,0,size,size);
        g.setRenderingHint(
            RenderingHints.KEY_DITHERING,
            RenderingHints.VALUE_DITHER_ENABLE);
        g.setRenderingHint(
            RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
            RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);

        Polygon p = new Polygon();
        p.addPoint(size/2, size/10);
        p.addPoint(size-10, size-10);
        p.addPoint(10, size-10);
        Area a = new Area(p);

        Rectangle r = new Rectangle(size/4, 8*size/10, size/2, 2*size/10);
        a.subtract(new Area(r));

        int radius = size/10;
        Ellipse2D.Double c = new Ellipse2D.Double(
            (size/2)-radius,
            (size/2)-radius,
            2*radius,
            2*radius
            );
        a.subtract(new Area(c));

        g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
        g.fill(a);

        ImageOutline io = new ImageOutline(outline);

        JFrame f = new JFrame("Image Outline");
        f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        f.add(io.getGui());
        f.pack();
        f.setResizable(false);
        f.setLocationByPlatform(true);
        f.setVisible(true);
    }
}

class TwoToneImageFilter implements BufferedImageOp {

    Color target;
    int tolerance;

    TwoToneImageFilter(Color target, int tolerance) {
        this.target = target;
        this.tolerance = tolerance;
    }

    private boolean isIncluded(Color pixel) {
        int rT = target.getRed();
        int gT = target.getGreen();
        int bT = target.getBlue();
        int rP = pixel.getRed();
        int gP = pixel.getGreen();
        int bP = pixel.getBlue();
        return(
            (rP-tolerance<=rT) && (rT<=rP+tolerance) &&
            (gP-tolerance<=gT) && (gT<=gP+tolerance) &&
            (bP-tolerance<=bT) && (bT<=bP+tolerance) );
    }

    public BufferedImage createCompatibleDestImage(
        BufferedImage src,
        ColorModel destCM) {
        BufferedImage bi = new BufferedImage(
            src.getWidth(),
            src.getHeight(),
            BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        return bi;
    }

    public BufferedImage filter(
        BufferedImage src,
        BufferedImage dest) {

        if (dest==null) {
            dest = createCompatibleDestImage(src, null);
        }

        for (int x=0; x<src.getWidth(); x++) {
            for (int y=0; y<src.getHeight(); y++) {
                Color pixel = new Color(src.getRGB(x,y));
                Color write = Color.BLACK;
                if (isIncluded(pixel)) {
                    write = Color.WHITE;
                }
                dest.setRGB(x,y,write.getRGB());
            }
        }

        return dest;
    }

    public Rectangle2D getBounds2D(BufferedImage src) {
        return new Rectangle2D.Double(0, 0, src.getWidth(), src.getHeight());
    }

    public Point2D getPoint2D(
        Point2D srcPt,
        Point2D dstPt) {
        // no co-ord translation
        return srcPt;
    }

    public RenderingHints getRenderingHints() {
        return null;
    }
}

I was participating in the thread Image/Graphic into a Shape the other day and made a hackish attempt to get the outline of an image by adding a Rectangle iteratively to an Area. That was very slow.

This example instead builds a GeneralPath and creates the Area from the GP. Much faster.

Sample images for processing

The image on the upper left is the 'source image'. The two on the right are various stages of processing the outline. Both of them have jagged edges around the circle and along the slanted sides of the triangle.

I'd like to gain a shape that has that jaggedness removed or reduced.

In ASCII art.

Case 1:

  1234
1 **
2 **
3 ***
4 ***
5 ****
6 ****

Corners are at:

  • (2,3) inner corner
  • (3,3)
  • (3,5) inner corner
  • (4,5)

Case 2:

  1234
1 ****
2 ****
3 **
4 **
5 ****
6 ****

Corners are at:

  • (4,2)
  • (2,2) inner corner
  • (2,5) inner corner
  • (4,5)

Assuming our path had the shapes shown, and the points as listed, I'd like to drop the 'inner corner' points of the first set, while retaining the 'pair' of inner corners (a bite out of the image) for the 2nd.


  • Can anybody suggest some clever inbuilt method to do the heavy lifting of this job?
  • Failing that, what would be a good approach to identifying the location & nature (pair/single) of the inner corners? (I'm guessing I could get a PathIterator and build a new GeneralPath dropping the singular inner corners - if only I could figure how to identify them!).

Here's the code to play with:

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;

/* Gain the outline of an image for further processing. */
class ImageOutline {

    private BufferedImage image;

    private TwoToneImageFilter twoToneFilter;
    private BufferedImage imageTwoTone;
    private JLabel labelTwoTone;

    private BufferedImage imageOutline;
    private Area areaOutline = null;
    private JLabel labelOutline;

    private JLabel targetColor;
    private JSlider tolerance;

    private JProgressBar progress;
    private SwingWorker sw;

    public ImageOutline(BufferedImage image) {
        this.image = image;
        imageTwoTone = new BufferedImage(
            image.getWidth(),
            image.getHeight(),
            BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
    }

    public void drawOutline() {
        if (areaOutline!=null) {
            Graphics2D g = imageOutline.createGraphics();
            g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
            g.fillRect(0,0,imageOutline.getWidth(),imageOutline.getHeight());

            g.setColor(Color.RED);
            g.setClip(areaOutline);
            g.fillRect(0,0,imageOutline.getWidth(),imageOutline.getHeight());
            g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
            g.setClip(null);
            g.draw(areaOutline);

            g.dispose();
        }
    }

    public Area getOutline(Color target, BufferedImage bi) {
        // construct the GeneralPath
        GeneralPath gp = new GeneralPath();

        boolean cont = false;
        int targetRGB = target.getRGB();
        for (int xx=0; xx<bi.getWidth(); xx++) {
            for (int yy=0; yy<bi.getHeight(); yy++) {
                if (bi.getRGB(xx,yy)==targetRGB) {
                    if (cont) {
                        gp.lineTo(xx,yy);
                        gp.lineTo(xx,yy+1);
                        gp.lineTo(xx+1,yy+1);
                        gp.lineTo(xx+1,yy);
                        gp.lineTo(xx,yy);
                    } else {
                        gp.moveTo(xx,yy);
                    }
                    cont = true;
                } else {
                    cont = false;
                }
            }
            cont = false;
        }
        gp.closePath();

        // construct the Area from the GP & return it
        return new Area(gp);
    }

    public JPanel getGui() {
        JPanel images = new JPanel(new GridLayout(2,2,2,2));
        JPanel  gui = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(3,3));

        JPanel originalImage =  new JPanel(new BorderLayout(2,2));
        final JLabel originalLabel = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(image));
        targetColor = new JLabel("Target Color");
        targetColor.setForeground(Color.RED);
        targetColor.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        targetColor.setBorder(new LineBorder(Color.BLACK));
        targetColor.setOpaque(true);

        JPanel controls = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        controls.add(targetColor, BorderLayout.WEST);
        originalLabel.addMouseListener( new MouseAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) {
                originalLabel.setCursor(
                    Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.CROSSHAIR_CURSOR));
            }

            @Override
            public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) {
                originalLabel.setCursor(Cursor.getDefaultCursor());
            }

            @Override
            public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) {
                int x = me.getX();
                int y = me.getY();

                Color c = new Color( image.getRGB(x,y) );
                targetColor.setBackground( c );

                updateImages();
            }
        });
        originalImage.add(originalLabel);

        tolerance = new JSlider(
            JSlider.HORIZONTAL,
            0,
            255,
            104
            );
        tolerance.addChangeListener( new ChangeListener() {
            public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent ce) {
                updateImages();
            }
        });
        controls.add(tolerance, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        gui.add(controls,BorderLayout.NORTH);

        images.add(originalImage);

        labelTwoTone = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(imageTwoTone));

        images.add(labelTwoTone);

        images.add(new JLabel("Smoothed Outline"));

        imageOutline = new BufferedImage(
            image.getWidth(),
            image.getHeight(),
            BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB
            );

        labelOutline = new JLabel(new ImageIcon(imageOutline));
        images.add(labelOutline);

        updateImages();

        progress = new JProgressBar();

        gui.add(images, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        gui.add(progress, BorderLayout.SOUTH);

        return gui;
    }

    private void updateImages() {
        if (sw!=null) {
            sw.cancel(true);
        }
        sw = new SwingWorker() {
            @Override
            public String doInBackground() {
                progress.setIndeterminate(true);
                adjustTwoToneImage();
                labelTwoTone.repaint();
                areaOutline = getOutline(Color.BLACK, imageTwoTone);

                drawOutline();

                return "";
            }

            @Override
            protected void done() {
                labelOutline.repaint();
                progress.setIndeterminate(false);
            }
        };
        sw.execute();
    }

    public void adjustTwoToneImage() {
        twoToneFilter = new TwoToneImageFilter(
            targetColor.getBackground(),
            tolerance.getValue());

        Graphics2D g = imageTwoTone.createGraphics();
        g.drawImage(image, twoToneFilter, 0, 0);

        g.dispose();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        int size = 150;
        final BufferedImage outline =
            new BufferedImage(size,size,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        Graphics2D g = outline.createGraphics();
        g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
        g.fillRect(0,0,size,size);
        g.setRenderingHint(
            RenderingHints.KEY_DITHERING,
            RenderingHints.VALUE_DITHER_ENABLE);
        g.setRenderingHint(
            RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
            RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);

        Polygon p = new Polygon();
        p.addPoint(size/2, size/10);
        p.addPoint(size-10, size-10);
        p.addPoint(10, size-10);
        Area a = new Area(p);

        Rectangle r = new Rectangle(size/4, 8*size/10, size/2, 2*size/10);
        a.subtract(new Area(r));

        int radius = size/10;
        Ellipse2D.Double c = new Ellipse2D.Double(
            (size/2)-radius,
            (size/2)-radius,
            2*radius,
            2*radius
            );
        a.subtract(new Area(c));

        g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
        g.fill(a);

        ImageOutline io = new ImageOutline(outline);

        JFrame f = new JFrame("Image Outline");
        f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        f.add(io.getGui());
        f.pack();
        f.setResizable(false);
        f.setLocationByPlatform(true);
        f.setVisible(true);
    }
}

class TwoToneImageFilter implements BufferedImageOp {

    Color target;
    int tolerance;

    TwoToneImageFilter(Color target, int tolerance) {
        this.target = target;
        this.tolerance = tolerance;
    }

    private boolean isIncluded(Color pixel) {
        int rT = target.getRed();
        int gT = target.getGreen();
        int bT = target.getBlue();
        int rP = pixel.getRed();
        int gP = pixel.getGreen();
        int bP = pixel.getBlue();
        return(
            (rP-tolerance<=rT) && (rT<=rP+tolerance) &&
            (gP-tolerance<=gT) && (gT<=gP+tolerance) &&
            (bP-tolerance<=bT) && (bT<=bP+tolerance) );
    }

    public BufferedImage createCompatibleDestImage(
        BufferedImage src,
        ColorModel destCM) {
        BufferedImage bi = new BufferedImage(
            src.getWidth(),
            src.getHeight(),
            BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        return bi;
    }

    public BufferedImage filter(
        BufferedImage src,
        BufferedImage dest) {

        if (dest==null) {
            dest = createCompatibleDestImage(src, null);
        }

        for (int x=0; x<src.getWidth(); x++) {
            for (int y=0; y<src.getHeight(); y++) {
                Color pixel = new Color(src.getRGB(x,y));
                Color write = Color.BLACK;
                if (isIncluded(pixel)) {
                    write = Color.WHITE;
                }
                dest.setRGB(x,y,write.getRGB());
            }
        }

        return dest;
    }

    public Rectangle2D getBounds2D(BufferedImage src) {
        return new Rectangle2D.Double(0, 0, src.getWidth(), src.getHeight());
    }

    public Point2D getPoint2D(
        Point2D srcPt,
        Point2D dstPt) {
        // no co-ord translation
        return srcPt;
    }

    public RenderingHints getRenderingHints() {
        return null;
    }
}

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评论(3

萌吟 2024-12-09 00:45:09

这是一个很大的课题。您可能会发现去像素化像素艺术1< /sup> 作者:Johannes Kopf & Dani Lischinski 有用:它是可读的、最新的,包括以前工作的总结,并详细解释了他们的方法。

另请参阅涵盖相似背景的幻灯片视频(!)

  1. 以下是“最近邻居”与“他们的技术”文档中的一些屏幕截图。
    最近邻居

This is a big subject. You might find Depixelizing Pixel Art1 by Johannes Kopf & Dani Lischinski useful: it's readable, recent, includes a summary of previous work, and explains their approach in detail.

See also slides covering similar background and video(!).

  1. Here are some screenshots from the document of 'nearest neighbor' vs. 'their technique'.
    nearest neighbor their result
﹂绝世的画 2024-12-09 00:45:09

这个问题最常见的版本是大多数计算机视觉管道的初始阶段之一。这称为图像分割。它将图像分割成视觉上相同的像素区域。这些区域由“轮廓”分隔(例如,参见本文),相当于通过的路径沿着像素边界运行的图像。

有一个简单的递归算法,用于将轮廓表示为定义的折线,这样其中的任何点的偏差都不会超过您可以选择的某个固定量(例如 max_dev)。通常为 1/2 到 2 像素。

function getPolyline(points [p0, p1, p2... pn] in a contour, max_dev) {
  if n <= 1 (there are only one or two pixels), return the whole contour
  Let pi, 0 <= i <= n, be the point farthest from the line segment p0<->pn
  if distance(pi, p0<->pn) < max_dev 
    return [ p0 -> pn ]
  else
    return concat(getPolyline [ p0, ..., pi ],  getPolyline [ pi, ..., pn] )

这背后的想法是,你似乎拥有已经分割的类似卡通的图像。因此,如果您编写一个将边缘像素组装成链的简单搜索,则可以使用上面的算法将它们转换为平滑的线段链。它们甚至可以通过抗锯齿来绘制。

The most general version of this problem is one of the initial stages in most computer vision pipelines. It's called Image Segementation. It splits an image into regions of pixels considered to be visually identical. These regions are separated by "contours" (see for example this article), which amount to paths through the image running along pixel boundaries.

There is a simple recursive algorithm for representing contours as a polyline defined such that no point in it deviates more than some fixed amount (say max_dev) you get to pick. Normally it's 1/2 to 2 pixels.

function getPolyline(points [p0, p1, p2... pn] in a contour, max_dev) {
  if n <= 1 (there are only one or two pixels), return the whole contour
  Let pi, 0 <= i <= n, be the point farthest from the line segment p0<->pn
  if distance(pi, p0<->pn) < max_dev 
    return [ p0 -> pn ]
  else
    return concat(getPolyline [ p0, ..., pi ],  getPolyline [ pi, ..., pn] )

The thought behind this is that you seem to have cartoon-like images that are already segmented. So if you code a simple search that assembles the edge pixels into chains, you can use the algorithm above to convert them into line segment chains that will will be smooth. They can even be drawn with anti-aliasing.

幻梦 2024-12-09 00:45:09

如果您已经知道段或边缘,请尝试使用高斯或平均值或您自己的内核之一进行模糊,然后移动到您想要平滑的边缘。
这是一个快速的解决方案,可能不太适合复杂的图像,但对于自绘来说,它很好。

If you already know the segment or edge try blurring with Gaussian or average or one of your own kernel and move to the edge you want to smooth.
This is a quick solution and may not suit best in complex images but for self drawn, its good.

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