如何为具有多对多字段的 Django 模型创建对象?

发布于 2024-11-28 19:11:32 字数 363 浏览 1 评论 0原文

我的模型:

class Sample(models.Model):
    users = models.ManyToManyField(User)

我想在该模型中保存 user1user2

user1 = User.objects.get(pk=1)
user2 = User.objects.get(pk=2)
sample_object = Sample(users=user1, users=user2)
sample_object.save()

我知道这是错误的,但我确信您明白我想要做的事情。你会怎么做?

My model:

class Sample(models.Model):
    users = models.ManyToManyField(User)

I want to save both user1 and user2 in that model:

user1 = User.objects.get(pk=1)
user2 = User.objects.get(pk=2)
sample_object = Sample(users=user1, users=user2)
sample_object.save()

I know that's wrong, but I'm sure you get what I want to do. How would you do it ?

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评论(6

国粹 2024-12-05 19:11:32

您无法从未保存的对象创建 M2M 关系。如果您有pk,请尝试以下操作:

sample_object = Sample()
sample_object.save()
sample_object.users.add(1,2)

更新:阅读saverio 的回答,我决定调查这个问题更深入一点。这是我的发现。

这是我最初的建议。它有效,但不是最佳的。 (注意:我使用 BarFoo 而不是 UserSample,但是您明白了)。

bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1)
bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2)
foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars.add(bar1)
foo.bars.add(bar2)

它总共生成了 7 个查询:

SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2
INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

我确信我们可以做得更好。您可以将多个对象传递给 add() 方法:

bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1)
bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2)
foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars.add(bar1, bar2)

正如我们所见,传递多个对象可以节省一个 SELECT

SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2
INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

我不知道您还可以分配一个列表对象数:

bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1)
bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2)
foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars = [bar1, bar2]

不幸的是,这会创建一个额外的 SELECT

SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2
INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."id", "app_foo_bars"."foo_id", "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE "app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

让我们尝试分配一个 pk 列表,正如 saverio 建议的那样:

foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars = [1,2]

因为我们不获取两个 酒吧,我们省了两个SELECT 语句,总共 5 个:

INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."id", "app_foo_bars"."foo_id", "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE "app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

获胜者是:

foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars.add(1,2)

pk 传递给 add() 给我们总共 4 个查询:

INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

You cannot create m2m relations from unsaved objects. If you have the pks, try this:

sample_object = Sample()
sample_object.save()
sample_object.users.add(1,2)

Update: After reading the saverio's answer, I decided to investigate the issue a bit more in depth. Here are my findings.

This was my original suggestion. It works, but isn't optimal. (Note: I'm using Bars and a Foo instead of Users and a Sample, but you get the idea).

bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1)
bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2)
foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars.add(bar1)
foo.bars.add(bar2)

It generates a whopping total of 7 queries:

SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2
INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

I'm sure we can do better. You can pass multiple objects to the add() method:

bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1)
bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2)
foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars.add(bar1, bar2)

As we can see, passing multiple objects saves one SELECT:

SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2
INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

I wasn't aware that you can also assign a list of objects:

bar1 = Bar.objects.get(pk=1)
bar2 = Bar.objects.get(pk=2)
foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars = [bar1, bar2]

Unfortunately, that creates one additional SELECT:

SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 1
SELECT "app_bar"."id", "app_bar"."name" FROM "app_bar" WHERE "app_bar"."id" = 2
INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."id", "app_foo_bars"."foo_id", "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE "app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

Let's try to assign a list of pks, as saverio suggested:

foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars = [1,2]

As we don't fetch the two Bars, we save two SELECT statements, resulting in a total of 5:

INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."id", "app_foo_bars"."foo_id", "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE "app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)

And the winner is:

foo = Foo()
foo.save()
foo.bars.add(1,2)

Passing pks to add() gives us a total of 4 queries:

INSERT INTO "app_foo" ("name") VALUES ()
SELECT "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" FROM "app_foo_bars" WHERE ("app_foo_bars"."foo_id" = 1  AND "app_foo_bars"."bar_id" IN (1, 2))
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 1)
INSERT INTO "app_foo_bars" ("foo_id", "bar_id") VALUES (1, 2)
秉烛思 2024-12-05 19:11:32

对于未来的访问者,您可以使用 bulk_create。请注意,只有当您不需要使用 save() 方法或信号对数据进行任何预处理或后处理时,这才可用。您插入的内容正是数据库中的内容

您可以执行此操作,而无需在字段上指定“通过”模型。为了完整起见,下面的示例创建了一个空白的 Users 模型来模仿原始发帖者的要求。

from django.db import models

class Users(models.Model):
    pass

class Sample(models.Model):
    users = models.ManyToManyField(Users)

现在,在 shell 或其他代码中,创建 2 个用户,创建一个示例对象,然后将用户批量添加到该示例对象。

for _ in range(2):  # Create some Users
    Users().save()

users = Users.objects.filter(pk__in=[1,2])

sample_object = Sample()
sample_object.save()

# Access the through model directly
ThroughModel = Sample.users.through
ThroughModel.objects.bulk_create([
    ThroughModel(users_id=users[0].pk, sample_id=sample_object.pk),
    ThroughModel(users_id=users[1].pk, sample_id=sample_object.pk)
])

For future visitors, you can create an object and all of its m2m objects in 2 queries using bulk_create. Note that this is only usable if you don't require any pre or post-processing on the data with save() methods or signals. What you insert is exactly what will be in the DB

You can do this without specifying a "through" model on the field. For completeness, the example below creates a blank Users model to mimic what the original poster was asking.

from django.db import models

class Users(models.Model):
    pass

class Sample(models.Model):
    users = models.ManyToManyField(Users)

Now, in a shell or other code, create 2 users, create a sample object, and bulk add the users to that sample object.

for _ in range(2):  # Create some Users
    Users().save()

users = Users.objects.filter(pk__in=[1,2])

sample_object = Sample()
sample_object.save()

# Access the through model directly
ThroughModel = Sample.users.through
ThroughModel.objects.bulk_create([
    ThroughModel(users_id=users[0].pk, sample_id=sample_object.pk),
    ThroughModel(users_id=users[1].pk, sample_id=sample_object.pk)
])
单身狗的梦 2024-12-05 19:11:32

Django 1.9
一个简单的例子:

sample_object = Sample()
sample_object.save()

list_of_users = DestinationRate.objects.all()
sample_object.users.set(list_of_users)

Django 1.9
A quick example:

sample_object = Sample()
sample_object.save()

list_of_users = DestinationRate.objects.all()
sample_object.users.set(list_of_users)
伪装你 2024-12-05 19:11:32

相关对象管理器是与模型中的字段不同的“属性”。实现您正在寻找的内容的最简单方法是

sample_object = Sample.objects.create()
sample_object.users = [1, 2]

与分配用户列表相同,无需额外的查询和模型构建。

如果查询的数量让您烦恼(而不是简单),那么最佳解决方案需要三个查询:

sample_object = Sample.objects.create()
sample_id = sample_object.id
sample_object.users.through.objects.create(user_id=1, sample_id=sample_id)
sample_object.users.through.objects.create(user_id=2, sample_id=sample_id)

这会起作用,因为我们已经知道“用户”列表是空的,因此我们可以无意识地创建。

RelatedObjectManagers are different "attributes" than fields in a Model. The simplest way to achieve what you are looking for is

sample_object = Sample.objects.create()
sample_object.users = [1, 2]

That's the same as assigning a User list, without the additional queries and the model building.

If the number of queries is what bothers you (instead of simplicity), then the optimal solution requires three queries:

sample_object = Sample.objects.create()
sample_id = sample_object.id
sample_object.users.through.objects.create(user_id=1, sample_id=sample_id)
sample_object.users.through.objects.create(user_id=2, sample_id=sample_id)

This will work because we already know that the 'users' list is empty, so we can create mindlessly.

蓝天白云 2024-12-05 19:11:32

您可以通过这种方式替换相关对象集(Django 1.9 中的新功能):

new_list = [user1, user2, user3]
sample_object.related_set.set(new_list)

You could replace the set of related objects in this way (new in Django 1.9):

new_list = [user1, user2, user3]
sample_object.related_set.set(new_list)
遗失的美好 2024-12-05 19:11:32

如果有人希望在自引用 ManyToMany 字段上做 David Marbles 的回答。直通模型的 id 称为:
“to_'model_name_id”和
“来自_'型号_名称'_id”。

如果这不起作用,你可以检查 django 连接。

If someone is looking to do David Marbles answer on a self referring ManyToMany field. The ids of the through model are called:
"to_'model_name_id" and
"from_'model_name'_id".

If that doesn't work you can check the django connection.

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