使用 C++ 的简单 C 程序中的链接错误标头
我正在关注介绍教程 http://www.linuxinsight.com /files/alp/alp-ch01-getting-started.pdf。
我创建了源文件 main.c、reciprocal.cpp 和 reciprocal.hpp。我已经能够成功编译这些文件。当我去链接它们并收到以下错误消息时,问题就出现了:
main.o: In function `main':
main.c:(.text+0x30): undefined reference to `reciprocal'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
我认为这在某种程度上没有正确使用头文件,但是我真的不知道要尝试什么,因为我已经非常彻底地遵循了这些步骤。
如果有人知道为什么会抛出该错误,我将非常感激。
谢谢
**更新 以下是三个源文件的代码:
main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "reciprocal.hpp"
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
int i;
i = atoi(argv[1]);
printf("The reciprocal of %d is %g\n", i, reciprocal(i));
return 0;
}
reciprocal.cpp
#include <cassert>
#include "reciprocal.hpp"
double reciprocal(int i) {
assert(i != 0);
return 1.0/i;
}
reciprocal.hpp
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
double reciprocal(int i);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
自最初发布以来,我实际上已经修改了 reciprocal.hpp。我所做的唯一更改是从函数签名中删除 extern 关键字。之前的内容是
extern double reciprocal(int i);
“此更改允许我链接该程序,现在我可以运行它”。我认为可能发生的情况是第二个外部人员覆盖了第一个外部人员。如果有人对此有任何见解,我将有兴趣了解。
感谢大家的帮助。
I am following an intro tutorial http://www.linuxinsight.com/files/alp/alp-ch01-getting-started.pdf.
I have created the source files main.c, reciprocal.cpp and reciprocal.hpp. I have been able to successfully compile these files. The problem comes when I go to link them and I receive the following error message:
main.o: In function `main':
main.c:(.text+0x30): undefined reference to `reciprocal'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
I gather that this is somehow not using the header files correctly, however I do not really know what to try as I've followed the steps quite thoroughly.
If anyone has an idea why its throwing that error I would appreciate it very much.
Thanks
**UPDATE
Here is the code for the three source files:
main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "reciprocal.hpp"
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
int i;
i = atoi(argv[1]);
printf("The reciprocal of %d is %g\n", i, reciprocal(i));
return 0;
}
reciprocal.cpp
#include <cassert>
#include "reciprocal.hpp"
double reciprocal(int i) {
assert(i != 0);
return 1.0/i;
}
reciprocal.hpp
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
double reciprocal(int i);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
I have actually modified reciprocal.hpp since originally posting. The only change I've made was to remove the extern keyword from the function signature. It previously read
extern double reciprocal(int i);
This change allowed me to link the program and I can now run it. I think what may have been occurring is that the second extern was overriding the first one. If anyone has any insight on this, I would be interested in knowing.
Thanks for your assistance everyone.
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当您将 C 和 C++ 代码混合在一起时,可能会遇到麻烦,因为这两种语言具有不同的链接。也就是说,如果您要破解已编译的 C 和 C++ 文件的目标文件,您会发现这些目标文件内部的名称不同。
特别是,C++ 编译器倾向于使用一种称为“名称修饰”的技术,其中函数名称与有关其参数类型的额外信息混合在一起。例如,函数
具有内部名称
实际上可能在生成的目标文件中 。问题是 C 代码不会执行此操作,因此如果您编译了一个 C 文件并尝试引用名称
foo
,链接器将找不到它,因为函数的名称在生成的 C++ 文件中是char@foo@int
而不是foo
。为了解决这个问题,C++ 有一个功能,允许您显式告诉链接器不要破坏名称,并使生成的代码看起来像是针对 C 程序的。为此,您可以像这样声明 C++ 函数:
现在,生成的目标文件将包含名称
foo
,而无需以与 C 代码所期望的方式兼容的修饰。要解决您的问题,请尝试将这些
extern "C"
声明之一添加到定义倒数
的 C++ 源文件中。注意:如果您有一个混合 C 和 C++ 代码的项目,您应该始终将
main
函数编译为 C++ 代码。 C++ 在其可执行文件中引入了 C 代码中不存在的额外初始化和清理代码。如果将main
编译为 C 代码,则这些额外的逻辑可能不会添加到程序中,因此您可能会在运行时遇到莫名其妙的崩溃。希望这有帮助!
When you mix C and C++ code together, you can run into trouble because the two languages have different linkages. That is, if you were to crack open the object files for a compiled C and C++ file, you would find that the names inside of those object files were different.
In particular, C++ compilers tend to use a technique called "name mangling" in which function names are mixed with extra information about the types of their arguments. For example, a function
might actually have the internal name
inside of the generated object file. The problem is that C code does not do this, so if you compiled a C file and tried to make a reference to the name
foo
, the linker wouldn't find it, because the name of the function in the generated C++ file ischar@foo@int
instead offoo
.To fix this, C++ has a feature that allows you to explicitly tell the linker not to mangle the name and to make the generated code look like it was intended for a C program. To do this, you can declare C++ functions like this:
Now, the generated object file will contain the name
foo
without adornment in a way that is compatible with what the C code expects.To fix your problem, try adding one of these
extern "C"
declarations to your C++ source file that definesreciprocal
.A note: if you have a project that mixes C and C++ code, you should always have the
main
function compiled as C++ code. C++ introduces extra initialization and cleanup code into its executables that are not present in C code. If you compilemain
as C code, this extra logic might not get added into the program, and so you may get inexplicable crashes at runtime.Hope this helps!
将 C++ 文件链接到 C 文件是最困难的。 C++“破坏”了名称,以便可以发生重载。
您可以通过像这样包含相互定义来防止损坏:
但如果您这样做,您不妨用 C 编写它......
您可以制作一个 main.cpp 文件吗?
Linking a C++ file into a C file is difficult at best. The C++ "mangles" the name so that overloading can occur.
You can prevent the mangling by enclosing your reciprocal definition like this:
but if you do this, you might as well just write it in C...
Can you make a main.cpp file?
看起来
reciprocal.hpp
的内容无效,可能是#ifdef
行中的拼写错误,__cplusplus
拼写正确(应该有两个下划线)?Looks like the contents of your
reciprocal.hpp
is invalid, maybe a typo in the#ifdef
line, is__cplusplus
spelled correctly (there should be two underscores)?