如何在Ubuntu上正确安装多个非包Distribute/virtualenv/pip生态系统？

发布于 2024-11-26 12:47:51 字数 948 浏览 4 评论 0原文

我正在 Ubuntu 中开发 Python 应用程序。我想设置一个 Distribute/virtualenv/pip 生态系统独立于任何系统 Python 包（我在 Synaptic 中管理，或者更确切地说，我让系统为我管理它们）来管理我的 Python 包。

我可以只安装 python-setuptools、python-virtualenv 和 python-pip 系统包，然后就可以愉快地生活了，但我也希望能够获得最新/特定版本的 Distribute、virtualenv 和 pip。这些没有 PPA，所以我必须手动安装它们。

最后一个复杂的问题是我希望能够对多个版本的 Python 执行此操作。也就是说，为 python2.6 设置一个生态系统，为 python 设置另一个生态系统，为 python3 设置另一个生态系统，或者在 64 位系统上为 chroot 32 位 Python。

我猜这个过程会是这样的：

使用 Python X 安装我自己的分发副本到我的主文件夹中的某个位置
使用独立分发，easy_install pip
使用独立 pip，安装 virtualenv
使用独立 virtualenv，创建虚拟环境
激活虚拟环境、安装包
对 Python Y、Z 和 Q 重复此操作

我需要什么安装/配置选项？

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凡间太子 2024-12-03 12:47:51

基于沃克·黑尔IV 对类似（但不同！;)）问题的回答，执行此操作有两个关键：

您不需要安装分发和pip 因为这些会自动包含在新的虚拟环境中（并且您可能只需要已经使用 virtualenv 测试过的版本），
您可以使用 virtualenv 源代码创建新的虚拟环境，而不是使用系统安装的 virtualenv 版本

因此，工作流程是：

在系统上安装 Python 版本 X
下载 virtualenv 源代码版本 Q（可能是最新的）
使用 Python X 和 virtualenv Q 创建新的虚拟环境
您的新 VE 现在运行 Python X 以及 pip 和分发的最新稳定版本
pip 安装任何其他软件包
easy_install 无法 pip install 的任何其他软件包

注意：

在新的虚拟环境中，您可以安装新（或旧）版本的 distribution、pip 或 virtualenv。（我认为）
我不使用 WH4 的创建引导虚拟环境的技术。相反，我每次都从 virtualenv 源创建新的虚拟环境。
该技术应该可以在任何操作系统上使用。
如果我向刚接触整个 Distribute/pip/virtualenv 生态系统概念的人解释这一点，我会以以 virtualenv 为中心的方式进行解释。

我编写了一个 bash 脚本，它在 Ubuntu 中执行基础操作：


#! /bin/bash
# Script to create a python virtual environment
# independently of the system version of virtualenv
#
# Ideally this would be a cross-platform Python
# script with more validation and fewer TODOs,
# but you know how it is.

# = PARAMETERS =
# $1 is the python executable to use
# examples: python, python2.6, /path/to/python
# $2 is the new environment folder
# example: /path/to/env_folder/name
## TODO: should be just a name
## but I can't concatenate strings in bash
# $3 is a pip requirements file
# example: /path/to/req_folder/name.txt
# you must uncomment the relevant code below to use $3
## TODO: should be just a name
## but I can't concatenate strings in bash

# other parameters are hard-coded below
# and you must change them before first use

# = EXAMPLES OF USE =
# . env_create python2.5 /home/env/legacy
## creates environment "legacy" using python 2.5
# . env_create python /home/env/default
## creates environment "default" using whatever version of python is installed
# . env_create python3.2 /home/env/bleeding /home/req/testing.txt
## creates environment "bleeding" using python 3.2 and installs packages from testing.txt using pip

# = SET UP VARIABLES =
# Required version of virtualenv package
VERSION=1.6.4
# Folder to store your virtual environments
VE_FOLDER='/media/work/environments'
## TODO: not used because I can't concatenate strings in bash
# Folder to store bootstrap (source) versions of virtualenv
BOOTSTRAP_FOLDER='/media/work/environments/bootstrap'
## TODO: not used because I can't concatenate strings in bash
# Folder to store pip requirements files
REQUIREMENTS_FOLDER='/media/work/environments/requirements'
## TODO: not used because I can't concatenate strings in bash
# Base URL for downloading virtualenv source
URL_BASE=http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/v/virtualenv
# Universal environment options
ENV_OPTS='--no-site-packages --distribute'
# $1 is the python interpreter
PYTHON=$1
# $2 is the target folder of the new virtual environment
VE_TARGET=$2
# $3 is the pip requirements file
REQ_TARGET=$3

## = DOWNLOAD VIRTUALENV SOURCE =
## I work offline so I already have this downloaded
## and I leave this bit commented out
# cd $BOOTSTRAP_DIR
# curl -O $URL_BASE/virtualenv-$VERSION.tar.gz
## or use wget

# = CREATE NEW ENV USING VIRTUALENV SOURCE =
cd $BOOTSTRAP_FOLDER
tar xzf virtualenv-$VERSION.tar.gz
# Create the environment
$PYTHON virtualenv-$VERSION/virtualenv.py $ENV_OPTS $VE_TARGET
# Don't need extracted version anymore
rm -rf virtualenv-$VERSION
# Activate new environment
cd $VE_TARGET
. bin/activate

# = INSTALL A PIP REQUIREMENTS FILE =
## uncomment this if you want to automatically install a file
# pip install -r $REQ_TARGET

# = REPORT ON THE NEW ENVIRONMENT =
python --version
pip freeze
# deactivate
## uncomment this if you don't want to start in your environment immediately

输出看起来像这样（关闭下载并打开停用）：

user@computer:/home/user$ . env_create python3 /media/work/environments/test
New python executable in /media/work/environments/test/bin/python3
Also creating executable in /media/work/environments/test/bin/python
Installing distribute...............done.
Installing pip...............done.
Python 3.2
distribute==0.6.19
wsgiref==0.1.2
user@computer:/media/work/environments/test$

Based on Walker Hale IV's answer to a similar (but distinct! ;) ) question, there are two keys to doing this:

you don't need to install distribute and pip because these are automatically included in a new virtual environment (and you presumably only want the versions that have been tested with virtualenv)
you can use the virtualenv source code to create a new virtual environment, rather than using the system-installed version of virtualenv

So the workflow is:

install Python version X on your system
download virtualenv source code version Q (probably the latest)
create new virtual environment with Python X and virtualenv Q
your new VE is now running Python X and the latest stable versions of pip and distribute
pip install any other packages
easy_install any other packages that you can't pip install

Notes:

In your new virtual environment, you could install new (or old) versions of distribute, pip or virtualenv. (I think)
I don't use WH4's technique of create a bootstrap virtual environment. Instead, I create the new virtual environment from the virtualenv source each time.
This technique should be usable on any operating system.
If I were explaining this to someone new to the whole Distribute/pip/virtualenv ecosystem concept, I would explain it in a virtualenv-centric way.

I've written a bash script that does the basics in Ubuntu:


#! /bin/bash
# Script to create a python virtual environment
# independently of the system version of virtualenv
#
# Ideally this would be a cross-platform Python
# script with more validation and fewer TODOs,
# but you know how it is.

# = PARAMETERS =
# $1 is the python executable to use
# examples: python, python2.6, /path/to/python
# $2 is the new environment folder
# example: /path/to/env_folder/name
## TODO: should be just a name
## but I can't concatenate strings in bash
# $3 is a pip requirements file
# example: /path/to/req_folder/name.txt
# you must uncomment the relevant code below to use $3
## TODO: should be just a name
## but I can't concatenate strings in bash

# other parameters are hard-coded below
# and you must change them before first use

# = EXAMPLES OF USE =
# . env_create python2.5 /home/env/legacy
## creates environment "legacy" using python 2.5
# . env_create python /home/env/default
## creates environment "default" using whatever version of python is installed
# . env_create python3.2 /home/env/bleeding /home/req/testing.txt
## creates environment "bleeding" using python 3.2 and installs packages from testing.txt using pip

# = SET UP VARIABLES =
# Required version of virtualenv package
VERSION=1.6.4
# Folder to store your virtual environments
VE_FOLDER='/media/work/environments'
## TODO: not used because I can't concatenate strings in bash
# Folder to store bootstrap (source) versions of virtualenv
BOOTSTRAP_FOLDER='/media/work/environments/bootstrap'
## TODO: not used because I can't concatenate strings in bash
# Folder to store pip requirements files
REQUIREMENTS_FOLDER='/media/work/environments/requirements'
## TODO: not used because I can't concatenate strings in bash
# Base URL for downloading virtualenv source
URL_BASE=http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/v/virtualenv
# Universal environment options
ENV_OPTS='--no-site-packages --distribute'
# $1 is the python interpreter
PYTHON=$1
# $2 is the target folder of the new virtual environment
VE_TARGET=$2
# $3 is the pip requirements file
REQ_TARGET=$3

## = DOWNLOAD VIRTUALENV SOURCE =
## I work offline so I already have this downloaded
## and I leave this bit commented out
# cd $BOOTSTRAP_DIR
# curl -O $URL_BASE/virtualenv-$VERSION.tar.gz
## or use wget

# = CREATE NEW ENV USING VIRTUALENV SOURCE =
cd $BOOTSTRAP_FOLDER
tar xzf virtualenv-$VERSION.tar.gz
# Create the environment
$PYTHON virtualenv-$VERSION/virtualenv.py $ENV_OPTS $VE_TARGET
# Don't need extracted version anymore
rm -rf virtualenv-$VERSION
# Activate new environment
cd $VE_TARGET
. bin/activate

# = INSTALL A PIP REQUIREMENTS FILE =
## uncomment this if you want to automatically install a file
# pip install -r $REQ_TARGET

# = REPORT ON THE NEW ENVIRONMENT =
python --version
pip freeze
# deactivate
## uncomment this if you don't want to start in your environment immediately

Output looks something like this (with downloading switched off and deactivation switched on):

user@computer:/home/user$ . env_create python3 /media/work/environments/test
New python executable in /media/work/environments/test/bin/python3
Also creating executable in /media/work/environments/test/bin/python
Installing distribute...............done.
Installing pip...............done.
Python 3.2
distribute==0.6.19
wsgiref==0.1.2
user@computer:/media/work/environments/test$

回复收藏 0 原文

七堇年 2024-12-03 12:47:51

正如@jfsebastian 所指出的，virtualenvwrapper 可以完成您所要求的大部分或全部工作。

http://virtualenvwrapper.readthedocs.org/

virtualenvwrapper 是 Ian Bicking 的 virtualenv 的一组扩展
工具。扩展包括用于创建和删除的包装器
虚拟环境以及以其他方式管理您的开发工作流程，
使您可以更轻松地同时处理多个项目，而无需
在它们的依赖关系中引入冲突。

回复收藏 0 原文

梦醒灬来后我 2024-12-03 12:47:51

详细阐述 JF Sebastian 和 nealmcb 的贡献，这些天我确实使用了 virtualenvwrapper 的系统打包版本（在 Ubuntu 上可用） 12.04 及更高版本）。

virtualenvwrapper 是 Ian Bicking 的 virtualenv 工具的一组扩展。这些扩展包括用于创建和删除虚拟环境以及以其他方式管理开发工作流程的包装器，从而使您可以更轻松地同时处理多个项目，而不会在其依赖项中引入冲突。

我使用的关键功能（回答这个问题）是：

mkvirtualenv --python=PYTHON_EXE 使用特定的 Python 可执行文件创建 virtualenv（不必是系统打包版本）
绑定 pip 的 virtualenv 支持
allvirtualenv pip install -U pip 升级所有 virtualenv 中的 pip

提到的环境变量 JFS 确实很有用： PIP_DOWNLOAD_CACHE、VIRTUALENV_USE_DISTRIBUTE、WORKON_HOME、VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON。

更新 virtualenv 本身的唯一原因是获取最新版本的 setuptools（以前称为 Distribute，以前称为 setuptools）。我还没有必要这样做，但我怀疑从一个新的 virtualenv 开始并首先升级 Distribute/setuptools，然后升级 pip，然后安装其他库是最简单的。

如果绝对需要新版本的 virtualenv，则应该修改引导脚本。