在 Linux 64 位上从信号处理程序进行回溯,并在调用堆栈上使用 malloc/free
下面是我想在运行“Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 (Tikanga) Kernel 2.6.18-194.el5xen x86_64”操作系统的计算机上使用的源示例。
总体思路是,我想要某个线程的回溯,因此我为该线程发出 SIGUSR1 信号,并且处理程序执行 backtrace() 调用。
在我的场景中,如下所示,FrameTwo 函数在循环中调用 malloc 和 free。每当为该特定线程发出信号并且 free 或 malloc 位于调用堆栈上时,当信号处理程序调用 backtrace() 时,程序就会崩溃。
(gdb) where (stack from gdb)
0 0x0000003e67207638 in ?? ()
1 0x0000003e672088bb in _Unwind_Backtrace
2 0x00000037ba0e5fa8 in backtrace ()
3 0x000000000040071a in handler ()
4 <signal handler called>
5 0x00000037ba071fac in _int_free ()
6 0x0000000a33605000 in ?? ()
7 0x000000004123b130 in ?? ()
8 0x00000000004007d4 in ThreadFunction ()
9 0x000000001f039020 in ?? ()
10 0x000000004123b940 in ?? ()
11 0x0000000000000001 in ?? ()
12 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
我从其他来源了解到不应从信号处理程序中调用回溯,因此我针对这种情况编写了自己的函数 grok_and_print_thread_stack() 。
它使用 RBP 寄存器来导航堆栈(RBP 包含当前帧的基指针指向前一帧的基指针),但此算法在这种情况下也不起作用:当 _int_free () 位于调用堆栈上时,RBP寄存器导航算法中断,因为 _int_free 的 RBP 是像 0x20 这样的值,它不是有效的帧基指针。
有谁知道如何从寄存器中导航调用堆栈?或者我如何使用回溯来达到我的目的?
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "pthread.h"
#include "signal.h"
#include "syscall.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "inttypes.h"
//####################################################################
//gcc BacktraceTestProgram.c -o backtracetest -lpthread
//./backtracetest
//gdb -c core backtracetest
//####################################################################
volatile sig_atomic_t flag = 1;
int thlist[6] = {0};
int cnt = 0;
int *memory = NULL;
//####################################################################
void raiseUserSignal(int tid)
{
union sigval value;
value.sival_int = 1;
sigqueue(tid,SIGUSR1, value);
}
//####################################################################
int grok_and_print_thread_stack()
{
int ret = 0;
register uint64_t* rbp asm("rbp");
/*if buffer was built before, add separator */
uint64_t *previous_bp;
/*save pointers*/
previous_bp = rbp;
/* stack Traversal */
while(previous_bp)
{
uint64_t *next_bp;
next_bp = (uint64_t*)*previous_bp;
printf("Read BP: %lx \n", next_bp);
if ( NULL == (void*)next_bp )
{
printf("Reached the top of the stack\n");
fflush(stdout);
break;
}
previous_bp = next_bp;
}
return ret;
}
//####################################################################
void handler(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *context)
{
int nptrs = 0 ;
void *buffer[100] = {NULL};
char **strings = NULL;
nptrs = backtrace(buffer, 100);
flag = 1;
}
//####################################################################
void FrameTwo(const char A)
{
do{
if( memory == NULL)
memory = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) *5);
if(memory != NULL) {
free(memory);
memory = NULL;
}
}while(1);
}
//####################################################################
void FrameOne(int no)
{
FrameTwo('A');
}
//####################################################################
void *ThreadFunction( void *ptr )
{
int tid = syscall(SYS_gettid);
thlist[cnt++] = tid;
FrameOne(10);
}
//####################################################################
void RegisterSignalHandler()
{
/* Register a Signal Handler */
struct sigaction usrsig_action;
usrsig_action.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
usrsig_action.sa_sigaction = &handler;
sigaction (SIGUSR1, &usrsig_action, NULL);
}
//####################################################################
int main(int no , char *argc[] )
{
int iret1;
pthread_t thread1;
RegisterSignalHandler();
/* Create independent threads each of which will execute function */
iret1 = pthread_create( &thread1, NULL, ThreadFunction, NULL);
while(cnt == 0);
while(1) {
if(flag == 1){
flag = 0;
raiseUserSignal(thlist[0]);
}
}
pthread_join( thread1, NULL);
return 0;
}
Below is an example of source I want to use on a machine running "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 (Tikanga) Kernel 2.6.18-194.el5xen x86_64" OS.
The general idea is that I want to have backtrace of some thread, so I am raising a SIGUSR1 signal for that thread and a handler does a backtrace() call.
In my scenario as below, FrameTwo function calls malloc and free in a loop. Whenever the signal is raised for this particular thread and free or malloc is on the callstack, the progream crashes when the signal handler calls backtrace().
(gdb) where (stack from gdb)
0 0x0000003e67207638 in ?? ()
1 0x0000003e672088bb in _Unwind_Backtrace
2 0x00000037ba0e5fa8 in backtrace ()
3 0x000000000040071a in handler ()
4 <signal handler called>
5 0x00000037ba071fac in _int_free ()
6 0x0000000a33605000 in ?? ()
7 0x000000004123b130 in ?? ()
8 0x00000000004007d4 in ThreadFunction ()
9 0x000000001f039020 in ?? ()
10 0x000000004123b940 in ?? ()
11 0x0000000000000001 in ?? ()
12 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
I learned from other sources that backtrace shouldn't be called from a signal handler, so I have written my own function grok_and_print_thread_stack() for this case.
It uses the RBP register to navigate the stack (RBP contains the base pointer of the current frame points to the previous frame's base pointer), but this algorithm does not work in this case either: when _int_free () is on the callstack, the RBP register navigation algorithm breaks, because the RBP of _int_free is some value like 0x20 which is not a valid frame's base pointer.
Does anyone know how a callstack can be navigated from the registers? Or how can I use backtrace for my purpose?
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "pthread.h"
#include "signal.h"
#include "syscall.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "inttypes.h"
//####################################################################
//gcc BacktraceTestProgram.c -o backtracetest -lpthread
//./backtracetest
//gdb -c core backtracetest
//####################################################################
volatile sig_atomic_t flag = 1;
int thlist[6] = {0};
int cnt = 0;
int *memory = NULL;
//####################################################################
void raiseUserSignal(int tid)
{
union sigval value;
value.sival_int = 1;
sigqueue(tid,SIGUSR1, value);
}
//####################################################################
int grok_and_print_thread_stack()
{
int ret = 0;
register uint64_t* rbp asm("rbp");
/*if buffer was built before, add separator */
uint64_t *previous_bp;
/*save pointers*/
previous_bp = rbp;
/* stack Traversal */
while(previous_bp)
{
uint64_t *next_bp;
next_bp = (uint64_t*)*previous_bp;
printf("Read BP: %lx \n", next_bp);
if ( NULL == (void*)next_bp )
{
printf("Reached the top of the stack\n");
fflush(stdout);
break;
}
previous_bp = next_bp;
}
return ret;
}
//####################################################################
void handler(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *context)
{
int nptrs = 0 ;
void *buffer[100] = {NULL};
char **strings = NULL;
nptrs = backtrace(buffer, 100);
flag = 1;
}
//####################################################################
void FrameTwo(const char A)
{
do{
if( memory == NULL)
memory = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) *5);
if(memory != NULL) {
free(memory);
memory = NULL;
}
}while(1);
}
//####################################################################
void FrameOne(int no)
{
FrameTwo('A');
}
//####################################################################
void *ThreadFunction( void *ptr )
{
int tid = syscall(SYS_gettid);
thlist[cnt++] = tid;
FrameOne(10);
}
//####################################################################
void RegisterSignalHandler()
{
/* Register a Signal Handler */
struct sigaction usrsig_action;
usrsig_action.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
usrsig_action.sa_sigaction = &handler;
sigaction (SIGUSR1, &usrsig_action, NULL);
}
//####################################################################
int main(int no , char *argc[] )
{
int iret1;
pthread_t thread1;
RegisterSignalHandler();
/* Create independent threads each of which will execute function */
iret1 = pthread_create( &thread1, NULL, ThreadFunction, NULL);
while(cnt == 0);
while(1) {
if(flag == 1){
flag = 0;
raiseUserSignal(thlist[0]);
}
}
pthread_join( thread1, NULL);
return 0;
}
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一般来说,x86_64 程序很可能是使用
-fomit-frame-pointer
构建的,因为它是优化开启时的默认设置。这意味着 RBP 不可用于展开堆栈,您需要使用 DWARF 展开信息(如果有可用的调试信息)或异常展开表。
In general x86_64 programs are likely to have been built with
-fomit-frame-pointer
as it is the default when optimisation is on.What that means is that
RBP
is not usable for unwinding the stack and you will either need to use the DWARF unwind information (if you have debugging information available) or the exception unwind table.您可能需要查看 libunwind 项目。
特别是,请查看 其文档的本地展开部分,它包含解释和以下代码示例(您需要链接到
-lunwind
) 打印当前函数的回溯:You may want to look at the libunwind project.
In particular, have a look at the local unwinding section of their documentation, it contains explanations and the following code example (with you need to link with
-lunwind
) that prints the backtrace of the current function: