球拍立即刷新、线程和产量

Question

我一直在编写一些简单的 racket GUI 程序，为我秋季教授的课程做准备。我在动画方面遇到一些问题。我使用基本画布，并使用动画模型，其中通过调用绘制过程，每帧刷新整个画布。下面是一个示例程序。

我的问题是，我必须将动画作为单独的线程运行，或者在每个refresh-now实例之后调用yield。这是为什么呢？我希望 refresh-now 能够立即刷新图像，而无需我进行额外的工作。

我已经阅读了racket页面上的动画示例，发现它们通常直接绘制到画布上。我知道，由于画布是双缓冲的，所以效果很好......但对于我的应用程序来说，让绘画程序承担负载会更容易，因为无论如何我都需要一个工作绘画程序，以防最小化等。（当然，产量并不是一个巨大的负担，但如果不需要的话，教学会更容易。）

谢谢，
约翰

#lang racket

; Demonstrate simple animation in Racket

(require racket/gui)

(define min-x 0)
(define min-y 0)
(define max-x 200)
(define max-y 200)

; Three vertexes of the triangle, expressed relative to a starting x and y location.
(define triangle-vertexes [list 
(list 10 0) 
(list 0 20) 
(list 20 20)])

(define triangle-x 20)
(define triangle-y 20)

; Move a triangle by a (delta-x, delta-y) pair
(define (move-triangle adjust)
(set! triangle-x (+ triangle-x (first adjust)))
(set! triangle-y (+ triangle-y (second adjust))))

; Adjust the location of a vertex by adding an (x,y) adjustment to it.
; Could also be defined using map.
(define (triangle-adjust adjust vertex)
(list (+ (first adjust) (first vertex))
(+ (second adjust) (second vertex))))

; Create the paint-callback function.
; It should:
; - draw a triangle at the current location
(define (draw-triangle dc)
(let ((vertex1 (triangle-adjust (list triangle-x triangle-y) (first  triangle-vertexes)))
(vertex2 (triangle-adjust (list triangle-x triangle-y) (second triangle-vertexes)))
(vertex3 (triangle-adjust (list triangle-x triangle-y) (third  triangle-vertexes))))
(send dc draw-line (first vertex1) (second vertex1) (first vertex2) (second vertex2))
(send dc draw-line (first vertex2) (second vertex2) (first vertex3) (second vertex3))
(send dc draw-line (first vertex3) (second vertex3) (first vertex1) (second vertex1))))


(define frame (new frame%
[label "Animation Example"]
[width 800]
[height 800]))

(define triangle-canvas (new canvas% [parent frame]
[paint-callback
(lambda (canvas dc)
(display "callback called")
(draw-triangle dc))]))

(send frame show #t)

; run a thunk (a procedure of zero arguments) n times
; only useful if thunk has side-effects
(define (loop n thunk)
(cond 
((> n 0) (thunk)
(loop (- n 1) thunk))
(else false)))

; Animate the triangle.  We have to either run this in a different thread from
; the event loop or yield each time we want something to be drawn.
(define (animate-triangle)
(loop 30 
(lambda ()
(move-triangle (list 10 10))
(send triangle-canvas refresh-now)
;      (send triangle-canvas flush)
(yield)
;      (sleep 0.1)
)))

Answer 1

这不是您有关 refresh-now 问题的答案，但显式线程和循环的更好替代方案是 timer% 类：

;; This goes after (send frame show #t), replacing loop and animate-triangle
(define timer-counter 0)
(define timer
  (new timer%
       (interval 100)  ;; update every 100 ms
       (notify-callback
        (lambda ()
          (cond [(< timer-counter 30)
                 (set! timer-counter (add1 timer-counter))
                 (move-triangle (list 10 10))
                 (send triangle-canvas refresh)]
                [else
                 (send timer stop)])))))

如果您重新定义停止条件根据三角形的状态，你可以去掉辅助的定时器计数器；我将其放入以模仿原始代码的行为。

计时器是在与帧相同的事件空间中创建的，并且事件空间有一个事件处理线程，这就是为什么您不必显式创建自己的线程。

如何设计程序，第二版有另一种动画方法，其中画布并自动管理更新。您只需调用 big-bang 函数来（功能性地）更新“世界状态”并将“世界状态”渲染为图像。具体取决于您所教的内容，它可能对您有用，也可能没有用。