如何在值变化时触发函数?
我意识到这个问题与事件处理有关,并且我读过有关Python事件处理程序和调度程序的内容,所以它要么没有回答我的问题,要么我完全错过了这些信息。
我希望每当值 v
发生变化时就触发对象 A
的方法 m()
:
例如(假设金钱使人快乐):
global_wealth = 0
class Person()
def __init__(self):
self.wealth = 0
global global_wealth
# here is where attribute should be
# bound to changes in 'global_wealth'
self.happiness = bind_to(global_wealth, how_happy)
def how_happy(self, global_wealth):
return self.wealth / global_wealth
所以每当如果 global_wealth
值发生更改,Person
类的所有实例都应相应地更改其 happiness
值。
注意:我必须编辑这个问题,因为第一个版本似乎表明我需要 getter 和 setter 方法。抱歉造成混乱。
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您需要使用观察者模式。
在以下代码中,某人订阅接收来自全球财富实体的更新。当全球财富发生变化时,该实体会提醒所有订阅者(观察者)发生了变化。然后 Person 会自我更新。
我在本例中使用了属性,但它们不是必需的。一个小警告:属性仅适用于新样式类,因此类声明后面的 (object) 是必须的才能工作。
You need to use the Observer Pattern.
In the following code, a person subscribes to receive updates from the global wealth entity. When there is a change to global wealth, this entity then alerts all its subscribers (observers) that a change happened. Person then updates itself.
I make use of properties in this example, but they are not necessary. A small warning: properties work only on new style classes, so the (object) after the class declarations are mandatory for this to work.
如果您想在属性更改时执行代码,可以使用属性。请注意,更改属性时发生的巨大副作用或显着开销对于使用 API 的任何人来说都有点令人惊讶,因此在某些情况下,您可能希望通过使用方法来避免它。
You can use properties if you want to execute code when attributes are changed. Be wary that big side-effects or significant overhead occurring when an attribute is changed is a little bit surprising to anyone using your API, so in some cases you probably want to avoid it by using methods instead.
您正在寻找的内容称为(函数式)响应式编程。 Common Lisp 有 Cells – 请参阅 Cells 项目 和 Cells 宣言 对于 python,有 网格库。
电子表格也使用相同的范例。对于跟踪多个相互关联的参数非常有用——例如在 GUI 编程中。
反应式编程类似于观察者模式,但有一个重要的区别:
What are you looking for is called (Functional) Reactive Programming. For Common Lisp there is Cells – see Cells project and Cells manifesto and for python there is the Trellis library.
Spreadsheets also use the same paradigm. Very useful for keeping track of multiple interrelated parameters – like in GUI programming for example.
Reactive programming is similar to the Observer pattern, but with an important distinction:
你需要一个 property
在这里,每当你想设置 x
MyClass( ).x = "foo"
您将使用 x_getter 方法每当您想要检索 x
print MyClass().x
时,您都将使用 x_setter 方法。You need a property
Here, whenever you want to set x
MyClass().x = "foo"
you will use the x_getter methodand whenever you want to retrieve x
print MyClass().x
you will use the x_setter method.您可以尝试这样的操作:
如果您需要参数,只需使用 lambda 函数即可。鉴于此(以及我最近更彻底地检查过的已接受答案),这里有一个更复杂的版本,其中包含注释、更多功能和示例:
替代方案
无论如何,您还可以使用 Tkinter 附带的内置功能,例如
DoubleVar.trace()
或someWidget.wait_variable()
。trace()
方法允许您将方法绑定到 StringVar、IntVar、FloatVar、DoubleVar、BooleanVar 或此类变量。下面是一个完整的 Python 3.x 示例:您可能希望在程序结束时销毁 Tk 对象。然而,在我的示例中,如果没有它,它似乎可以正常退出。
wait_variable()
是另一种替代方法,它会导致调用函数停止,而不停止 GUI,直到您指定的变量发生更改。还有其他类似的方法。You can try something like this:
If you need arguments, just use a lambda function. In light of that (and the accepted answer I more recently examined more thoroughly), here's a more complex version with comments, more functionality and examples:
Alternative
Anyway, you can also use the built-in functionality that comes with Tkinter, with such as
DoubleVar.trace()
orsomeWidget.wait_variable()
.The
trace()
method allows you to bind a method to a StringVar, IntVar, FloatVar, DoubleVar, BooleanVar or such variables. Here's a full working Python 3.x example:You may want to destroy the Tk object at the end of the program. It seems to exit fine without it in my example, however.
wait_variable()
is another alternative that causes the calling function to halt without halting your GUI until a variable you specified changes. There are other similar methods, too.晚了,但如果有人正在寻找一个通用的解决方案,他们可以使用无法修改的代码(例如,库中的对象),那么这个解决方案可能就是您正在寻找的:
https://gist.github.com/samueldonovan1701/1d43f070a842a33b2e9556693b6d7e46
像这样使用它:
Late to the party, but if anyone is looking for a generalized solution that they can slap on code that can't be modified (say, an object from a library), this solution might be what you're looking for:
https://gist.github.com/samueldonovan1701/1d43f070a842a33b2e9556693b6d7e46
Use it like so: