如何在 Python 中获取完整的异常堆栈跟踪

Question

以下代码片段：

import traceback

def a():
    b()

def b():
    try:
        c()
    except:
        traceback.print_exc()

def c():
    assert False

a()

产生此输出：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 8, in b
    c()
  File "test.py", line 13, in c
    assert False
AssertionError

如果我想要完整的堆栈跟踪（包括对 a 的调用），我应该使用什么？

如果重要的话，我有Python 2.6.6

编辑：我想要得到的信息与我将 try except 留在外面并让异常传播到顶层时得到的信息相同。例如，此片段：

def a():
    b()

def b():
    c()

def c():
    assert False

a()

产生此输出：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 10, in <module>
    a()
  File "test.py", line 2, in a
    b()
  File "test.py", line 5, in b
    c()
  File "test.py", line 8, in c
    assert False
AssertionError

Answer 1

这是一个基于此答案的函数。当不存在异常时它也将工作：

def full_stack():
    import traceback, sys
    exc = sys.exc_info()[0]
    stack = traceback.extract_stack()[:-1]  # last one would be full_stack()
    if exc is not None:  # i.e. an exception is present
        del stack[-1]       # remove call of full_stack, the printed exception
                            # will contain the caught exception caller instead
    trc = 'Traceback (most recent call last):\n'
    stackstr = trc + ''.join(traceback.format_list(stack))
    if exc is not None:
         stackstr += '  ' + traceback.format_exc().lstrip(trc)
    return stackstr

print full_stack()将打印完整的堆栈跟踪到顶部，包括例如IPython的interactiveshell.py调用，因为有（据我所知）无法知道谁会捕获异常。无论如何，这可能不值得弄清楚...

如果从 except 块内调用 print full_stack()，full_stack 将包含堆栈跟踪一直到加注。在标准 Python 解释器中，这与您在未捕获异常时收到的消息相同（这就是为什么 del stack[-1] 存在，您不关心 except 块但关于 try 块）。

Answer 2

我不知道是否有更好的方法，但这就是我所做的：

import traceback
import sys

def format_exception(e):
    exception_list = traceback.format_stack()
    exception_list = exception_list[:-2]
    exception_list.extend(traceback.format_tb(sys.exc_info()[2]))
    exception_list.extend(traceback.format_exception_only(sys.exc_info()[0], sys.exc_info()[1]))

    exception_str = "Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
    exception_str += "".join(exception_list)
    # Removing the last \n
    exception_str = exception_str[:-1]

    return exception_str

def main1():
    main2()

def main2():
    try:
        main3()
    except Exception as e:
        print "Printing only the traceback above the current stack frame"
        print "".join(traceback.format_exception(sys.exc_info()[0], sys.exc_info()[1], sys.exc_info()[2]))
        print
        print "Printing the full traceback as if we had not caught it here..."
        print format_exception(e)

def main3():
    raise Exception()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main1()

这是我得到的输出：

Printing only the traceback above the current stack frame
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "exc.py", line 22, in main2
    main3()
  File "exc.py", line 31, in main3
    raise Exception()
Exception


Printing the full traceback as if we had not caught it here...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "exc.py", line 34, in <module>
    main1()
  File "exc.py", line 18, in main1
    main2()
  File "exc.py", line 22, in main2
    main3()
  File "exc.py", line 31, in main3
    raise Exception()
Exception

Answer 3

使用

 traceback.print_stack()

http://docs.python.org/library/traceback.html#traceback.print_stack

suxmac2 $ python out.py 
  文件“out.py”，第 16 行，在  中
    一个（）
  文件“out.py”，第 5 行，在
    b()
  文件“out.py”，第 11 行，b 中
    回溯.print_stack()

Answer 4

这是Tobias Kienzler 答案的一个更好的变体。它的工作原理相同，但不能在 except 块中正确调用，而是在更深的地方调用。
换句话说，当像

try:
   ...
except Exception:
    print full_stack()

或 这样

def print_full_stack():
    print full_stack()

try:
   ...
except Exception:
    print_full_stack()

调用时，此变体将打印相同的堆栈，这是代码：

def full_stack():
    import traceback, sys
    exc = sys.exc_info()[0]
    if exc is not None:
        f = sys.exc_info()[-1].tb_frame.f_back
        stack = traceback.extract_stack(f)
    else:
        stack = traceback.extract_stack()[:-1]  # last one would be full_stack()
    trc = 'Traceback (most recent call last):\n'
    stackstr = trc + ''.join(traceback.format_list(stack))
    if exc is not None:
        stackstr += '  ' + traceback.format_exc().lstrip(trc)
    return stackstr