初学者从哪里了解 Thrift 和 Web 服务器背后的技术？
我想了解以下内容：
当 thrift 让 PHP “与”Java “对话”时，幕后发生了什么。
Apache、Apache Tomcat 等如何能够同时处理多个用户/请求。
线程（特别是在服务器上下文中）和进程
为什么当长轮询时 Nginx 可能比 Apache 更好以及为什么长轮询比定期轮询更好轮询服务器
每个问题的简短答案绝对受欢迎，但更重要的是我希望有人指出资源很少（书籍、教程、课程名称等）为我在相关问题出现时进行思考奠定了基础。
I'd like to understand following things:
What is going on under the hood when thrift lets PHP "talk to" Java.
How Apache, Apache Tomcat etc are able to handle multiple users/ requests simultaneously.
Threads (in context of servers especially) and processess
Why Nginx might be better than Apache when one is long polling and why long polling is better than periodically polling a server
Brief answers to each question are definitely welcome but more importantly I'd like to be pointed to a few resources (books, tutorials, names of courses etc) that give me a foundation for thinking about related issues when they arise.
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1）我想了解当thrift让PHP与Java“对话”时，幕后发生了什么。
有关 thrift 执行此操作的具体方法，您可能应该阅读 thrift wiki。
可以通过许多不同的方法来完成不同编程语言之间的信息交换。例如，最近对这些标准化的尝试产生了 CORBA 和 SOAP。
2）我想了解Apache、Apache Tomcat等如何能够同时处理多个用户/请求。
同样，要了解 Apache 的具体实现方式，请阅读 apache 文档或源代码。
一般来说，了解操作系统、进程、线程以及 TCP/IP 堆栈和端口可能会让您入门。
3）我想了解线程（特别是在服务器的上下文中）和进程
任何像样的操作系统课程都会向您介绍这些术语。
4）我想了解为什么当长轮询时Nginx可能比Apache更好，以及为什么长轮询比定期轮询服务器更好。
再次强调：特定产品、特定网站。
关于为什么（或何时！）长轮询比定期轮询更好：这取决于具体情况。每种方法都有其自身的优点和缺点。
1) I'd like to understand what is going on under the hood when thrift lets PHP "talk to" Java.
For specific ways on how thrift does it, you should probably read the thrift wiki.
Exchanging information between different programming languages can be done via many different methods. Recent tries to standardize these resulted in CORBA and SOAP, for example.
2) I'd like to understand how Apache, Apache Tomcat etc are able to handle multiple users/ requests simultaneously.
Again, for specific ways how Apache does it, read the apache documentation or source.
In general, learning about Operating Systems, processes, threads might get you started, together with the TCP/IP stacks and Ports.
3) I'd like to understand threads (in context of servers especially) and processess
Any decent course on Operating Systems will introduce these terms to you.
4) I'd like to understand why Nginx might be better than Apache when one is long polling and why long polling is better than periodically polling a server.
Again: specific products, specific websites.
About why (or when!) long polling is better than periodically polling: it depends on the situation. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.