对“void sort::swap(int*, int, int)”的未定义引用

发布于 2024-11-07 14:21:53 字数 2830 浏览 0 评论 0原文

可能的重复:
为什么模板只能在头文件中实现?< /a>

这是我的 make 文件:


#!/usr/bin/make -f
compiler = g++
compiler_flags = -Wall -I /usr/include/c++/4.5
debug_flags = -D DEBUG -g
binary_filename = sort_testing.bin

all: clean release

release: 
    $(compiler) $(compiler_flags) main.cpp sort.o -o $(binary_filename)
debug: sort.o 
    $(compiler) $(debug_flags) $(compiler_flags) main.cpp sort.o -o $(binary_filename)
run: 
    ./$(binary_filename)
clean: 
    rm -f *.o $(binary_filename)
sort.o: 
    $(compiler) $(debug_flags) $(compiler_flags) -c sort.cpp


这是我的 C++ 文件:


// sort.hpp
#ifndef SORT_H
#define SORT_H

namespace sort{
    template<class T> void swap(T*,int,int);
}

#endif

// sort.cpp
#include "sort.hpp"

namespace sort{
    template<class T>
    void swap(T* items, int index_a, int index_b){
        T t = items[index_a];
        items[index_a] = items[index_b];
        items[index_b] = t;
    }
}

// main.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
using namespace std;

#include "sort.hpp"
using namespace sort;

#define NUM_INTS 5

int main(int argc, char** argv){
    try{
        cout << "\n\n\n";
        srand(time(NULL));
        int * int_coll = new int[NUM_INTS];
        for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; x++)
            int_coll[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
        cout << "Before swap" << endl;
        for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; x++)
            cout << "int " << x << " == " << int_coll[x] << endl;
        cout << "\n\n\n";

        cout << "Swapping ints" << endl;
        swap<int>(int_coll, 0, 1);

        cout << "AFter swap" << endl;
        for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; x++)
            cout << "int " << x << " == " << int_coll[x] << endl;
    }catch(exception& e){
        cout << "Exception:  " << e.what() << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

而且,这是我的问题:

./make clean debug
rm -f *.o sort_testing.bin
g++ -D DEBUG -g -Wall -I /usr/include/c++/4.5 -c sort.cpp
g++ -D DEBUG -g -Wall -I /usr/include/c++/4.5 main.cpp sort.o -o sort_testing.bin
/tmp/ccRl2ZvH.o: In function `main':
/home/dev/c++/sorting/main.cpp:33: undefined reference to `void sort::swap<int>;(int*, int, int)'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [debug] Error 1

知道如何解决这个问题吗?

Possible Duplicate:
Why can templates only be implemented in the header file?

Here's my make file:


#!/usr/bin/make -f
compiler = g++
compiler_flags = -Wall -I /usr/include/c++/4.5
debug_flags = -D DEBUG -g
binary_filename = sort_testing.bin

all: clean release

release: 
    $(compiler) $(compiler_flags) main.cpp sort.o -o $(binary_filename)
debug: sort.o 
    $(compiler) $(debug_flags) $(compiler_flags) main.cpp sort.o -o $(binary_filename)
run: 
    ./$(binary_filename)
clean: 
    rm -f *.o $(binary_filename)
sort.o: 
    $(compiler) $(debug_flags) $(compiler_flags) -c sort.cpp

Here are my C++ Files:


// sort.hpp
#ifndef SORT_H
#define SORT_H

namespace sort{
    template<class T> void swap(T*,int,int);
}

#endif

// sort.cpp
#include "sort.hpp"

namespace sort{
    template<class T>
    void swap(T* items, int index_a, int index_b){
        T t = items[index_a];
        items[index_a] = items[index_b];
        items[index_b] = t;
    }
}

// main.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
using namespace std;

#include "sort.hpp"
using namespace sort;

#define NUM_INTS 5

int main(int argc, char** argv){
    try{
        cout << "\n\n\n";
        srand(time(NULL));
        int * int_coll = new int[NUM_INTS];
        for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; x++)
            int_coll[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
        cout << "Before swap" << endl;
        for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; x++)
            cout << "int " << x << " == " << int_coll[x] << endl;
        cout << "\n\n\n";

        cout << "Swapping ints" << endl;
        swap<int>(int_coll, 0, 1);

        cout << "AFter swap" << endl;
        for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; x++)
            cout << "int " << x << " == " << int_coll[x] << endl;
    }catch(exception& e){
        cout << "Exception:  " << e.what() << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

And, here's my problem:

./make clean debug
rm -f *.o sort_testing.bin
g++ -D DEBUG -g -Wall -I /usr/include/c++/4.5 -c sort.cpp
g++ -D DEBUG -g -Wall -I /usr/include/c++/4.5 main.cpp sort.o -o sort_testing.bin
/tmp/ccRl2ZvH.o: In function `main':
/home/dev/c++/sorting/main.cpp:33: undefined reference to `void sort::swap<int>;(int*, int, int)'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [debug] Error 1

Any idea how to resolve this issue?

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评论(3

瞄了个咪的 2024-11-14 14:21:53

模板定义需要在使用时可见(以便可以隐式实例化它们)或者您需要显式实例化它们(在这种情况下,链接器会将显式实例化和用法结合在一起)。

在你的情况下,我会选择选项一(和隐式实例化)。这意味着您需要将(模板的)模板定义移动到头文件中:

// sort.hpp
#ifndef SORT_H
#define SORT_H

namespace sort{
    template<class T>
    void swap(T*,int,int)
    {
        T t = items[index_a];
        items[index_a] = items[index_b];
        items[index_b] = t;
    }
}

#endif

或者(但在一般情况下不太有用(但有其用途))是显式模板实例化。您可以在 sort.cpp 中定义要定义的模板的哪些变体。

// sort.cpp
#include "sort.hpp"

namespace sort{
    template<class T>
        void swap(T* items, int index_a, int index_b){
            T t = items[index_a];
            items[index_a] = items[index_b];
            items[index_b] = t;
        }

    // Define an explicit function template instantiation.
    // Here we define that the integer version of the template must exist.
    template void swap<int>(int*,int,int);
}

当您想要限制可用模板的版本数量时,这非常有用。

Template definitions need to either be visible at the point of use (so that they can be implicitly instantiated) OR you need to explicitly instantiate them (in this case the linker will bring the explicit instantiation and the usage together).

In your situation I would go with option one (and implicit instantiation). This means you need to move the template definition (of the template) into the header file:

// sort.hpp
#ifndef SORT_H
#define SORT_H

namespace sort{
    template<class T>
    void swap(T*,int,int)
    {
        T t = items[index_a];
        items[index_a] = items[index_b];
        items[index_b] = t;
    }
}

#endif

Alternatively (but less useful in the general case (but has its uses)) is explicit template instantiation. Here you define in sort.cpp which variants of the template you want to have defined.

// sort.cpp
#include "sort.hpp"

namespace sort{
    template<class T>
        void swap(T* items, int index_a, int index_b){
            T t = items[index_a];
            items[index_a] = items[index_b];
            items[index_b] = t;
        }

    // Define an explicit function template instantiation.
    // Here we define that the integer version of the template must exist.
    template void swap<int>(int*,int,int);
}

This is useful when you want to limit the number of versions of a template are available.

爺獨霸怡葒院 2024-11-14 14:21:53

模板定义必须位于同一文件中。因此,在头文件本身中定义该函数。

或者将 .cpp 文件包含在底部的标头中,如下所示:

// sort.hpp
#ifndef SORT_H
#define SORT_H

namespace sort{
    template<class T> void swap(T*,int,int);
}


#include "sort.cpp" //<--------------- this!

#endif

Template definitions must be in the same file. So define the function in the header file itself.

Or include the .cpp file in the header at the bottom as:

// sort.hpp
#ifndef SORT_H
#define SORT_H

namespace sort{
    template<class T> void swap(T*,int,int);
}


#include "sort.cpp" //<--------------- this!

#endif
一世旳自豪 2024-11-14 14:21:53

您不能在 .cpp 文件中定义模板。 swap 的定义应仅位于 sort.hpp 文件中。请参阅此常见问题解答 为什么我不能分离模板类的定义来自其声明并将其放入 .cpp 文件中? 了解更多详细信息。

You can not define templates in a .cpp file. The definition of swap should be in the sort.hpp file only. See this FAQ Why can't I separate the definition of my templates class from its declaration and put it inside a .cpp file? for more details.

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