Haskell中的liftM和mapM有什么区别
liftM 和mapM 函数有什么区别?
What is the difference between the functions liftM and mapM?
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liftM 和mapM 函数有什么区别?
What is the difference between the functions liftM and mapM?
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他们并没有真正的关系。我将尝试解释它们每个人的作用。我假设您对 monad 是什么有基本的了解。
liftM :: Monad m =>; (a→b)→ (ma -> mb)
允许您在 monad 中使用普通函数。它需要一个函数a ->; b
,并将其转换为函数ma -> m b
,它与原始函数执行完全相同的操作,但在 monad 中执行。生成的函数不会对 monad “做”任何事情(它不能,因为原始函数不知道它在 monad 中)。例如:函数
("Hello, " ++) :: String -> String
在字符串前面添加“Hello,”。将其传递给 liftM 会创建一个 IO String 类型的函数 -> IO String——现在你有了一个可以在 IO monad 中工作的函数。它不执行任何 IO,但它可以将 IO 操作作为输入,并产生 IO 操作作为输出。因此,我可以将getLine
作为输入传递,它将调用getLine
,在结果前面添加“Hello,”,并将其作为 IO 操作返回。mapM :: Monad m =>; (a→mb)→ [一]-> m [b]
是完全不同的;请注意,与 liftM 不同,它采用一元函数。例如,在 IO monad 中,它的类型为(a -> IO b) -> [一]-> IO [b]
。它与普通的map
函数非常相似,只是它将单子操作应用于列表,并生成包装在单子操作中的结果列表。例如(一个非常糟糕的例子):它打印:
它所做的是迭代列表,将
(putStrLn . show)
应用于列表中的每个元素(具有打印出每个元素的 IO 效果)数字),并将数字转换为()
值。结果列表由[(), (), ()]
组成 -putStrLn
的输出。They aren't really related. I'll try to explain what each of them does. I assume you have a basic understanding of what a monad is.
liftM :: Monad m => (a -> b) -> (m a -> m b)
lets you use an ordinary function in a monad. It takes a functiona -> b
, and turns it into a functionm a -> m b
, that does exactly the same thing as the original function, but does it in a monad. The resulting function doesn't "do" anything to the monad (it can't, because the original function didn't know it was in a monad). For example:The function
("Hello, " ++) :: String -> String
prepends "Hello, " to a string. Passing it toliftM
creates a function of typeIO String -> IO String
-- now you have a function that works in the IO monad. It doesn't do any IO, but it can take an IO action as input, and produces an IO action as output. Therefore, I can passgetLine
as input, and it will callgetLine
, prepend "Hello, " to the front of the result, and return that as an IO action.mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> [a] -> m [b]
is quite different; note that unlikeliftM
, it takes a monadic function. For example, in the IO monad, it has type(a -> IO b) -> [a] -> IO [b]
. It is very much like the ordinarymap
function, only it applies a monadic action to a list, and produces a result list wrapped in a monadic action. For example (a pretty bad one):This prints:
What it is doing is iterating over the list, applying
(putStrLn . show)
to each element in the list (having the IO effect of printing out each of the numbers), and also transforming the numbers into the()
value. The resulting list consists of[(), (), ()]
-- the output ofputStrLn
.首先,类型不同:
liftM 提升类型为 a -> 的函数。 b 到一元对应物。
mapM
应用一个函数,该函数将产生一个单子值到一个值列表,从而产生嵌入在该单子中的结果列表。示例:
...请注意
map
和mapM
不同!例如First, the types differ:
liftM
lifts a function of typea -> b
to a monadic counterpart.mapM
applies a function which yields a monadic value to a list of values, yielding list of results embedded in the monad.Examples:
... note that
map
andmapM
differ! E.g.其他答案已经解释得很好,所以我只想指出,在真正的 Haskell 代码中,您通常会看到使用
fmap
而不是liftM
,如fmap< /code> 只是类型类
Functor
中更通用的版本。由于所有行为良好的 Monad 也应该是 Functor 的实例,因此它们应该是等效的。您还可能会看到运算符
<$>
用作fmap
的同义词。另外,mapM f = 序列。 map f,因此您可以将其视为将值列表转换为操作列表,然后依次运行操作,将结果收集到列表中。
The other answers have already explained it well, so I will just point out that you will usually see
fmap
used instead ofliftM
in real Haskell code, asfmap
is just a more general version in the type classFunctor
. As all well-behavedMonad
s should be instances ofFunctor
as well, they should be equivalent.You may also see the operator
<$>
used as a synonym forfmap
.Also,
mapM f = sequence . map f
, so you can think of it as turning a list of values into a list of actions, and then running the actions one after another, collecting the results in a list.liftM
和mapM
非常不同,您可以通过它们的类型和实现看到这一点:因此,虽然
mapM
将一元函数应用于每个元素一个列表,liftM
在一元设置中应用一个函数。liftM
andmapM
are quite different, as you can see via their types and their implementation:so while
mapM
applies a monadic function to each element of a list,liftM
applies a function in a monadic setting.