Oracle 选择更新行为
我们试图解决的问题如下所示。
- 我们有一个满是代表卡片的行的表。预订交易的目的是将卡分配给客户
- 一张卡不能属于许多客户
- 一段时间后(如果未购买),一张卡必须返回到可用资源池
- 预订可以由许多客户完成同时
- 我们使用Oracle数据库来存储数据,所以解决方案必须至少在Oracle 11上工作
我们的解决方案是为该卡分配一个状态,并存储其预订日期。预订卡时,我们使用“选择更新”语句进行操作。该查询查找可用的卡和很久以前保留的卡。
然而我们的查询并没有按预期工作。
我准备了一个简化的情况来解释这个问题。 我们有一个 card_numbers 表,其中充满了数据 - 所有行都有非空 ID 号。 现在,让我们尝试锁定其中的一些。
-- first, in session 1
set autocommit off;
select id from card_numbers
where id is not null
and rownum <= 1
for update skip locked;
我们不在这里提交事务,该行必须被锁定。
-- later, in session 2
set autocommit off;
select id from card_numbers
where id is not null
and rownum <= 1
for update skip locked;
预期的行为是,在两个会话中,我们都会得到满足查询条件的单个不同行。
但事实并非如此。根据我们是否使用查询的“跳过锁定”部分 - 行为更改:
- 没有“跳过锁定” - 第二个会话被阻止 - 在会话一中等待事务提交或回滚,
- 并使用“跳过锁定” - 第二个查询返回立即清空结果集
那么,在漫长的介绍之后,问题来了。
Oracle 中是否可以实现所需的锁定行为?如果是的话,那么我们做错了什么?正确的解决方案是什么?
The problem we try to solve looks like this.
- We have a table full of rows which represent cards. The purpose of reservation transaction is to assign a card to a client
- A card can not belong to many clients
- After some time (if it is not bought) a card has to be returned to the pool of available resurces
- Reservation can be done by many clients at the same time
- We use Oracle database for storing the data, so solution has to work at least on Oracle 11
Our solution is to assign a status to the card, and store it's reservation date. When reserving a card we do it using "select for update" statement. The query looks for available cards and for cards which were reserved long time ago.
However our query doesn't work as expected.
I have prepared a simplified situation to explain the problem.
We have a card_numbers table, full of data - all of the rows have non-null id numbers.
Now, let's try to lock some of them.
-- first, in session 1
set autocommit off;
select id from card_numbers
where id is not null
and rownum <= 1
for update skip locked;
We don't commit the transaction here, the row has to be locked.
-- later, in session 2
set autocommit off;
select id from card_numbers
where id is not null
and rownum <= 1
for update skip locked;
The expected behaviour is that in both sessions we get a single, different row which satisfies query conditions.
However it doesn't work that way. Depending on whether we use the "skip locked" part of the query or not - the behavious changes:
- without "skip locked" - second session is blocked - waiting for transaction commit or rollback in session one
- with "skip locked" - second query returns immediately empty result set
So, after this long introduction comes the question.
Is the kind of desired locking behaviour possible in Oracle? If yes, then what are we doing wrong? What would be the correct solution?
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您所遇到的 FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED 行为已在此博客说明中进行了描述。我的理解是 FOR UPDATE 子句是在 WHERE 子句之后评估的。 SKIP LOCKED 就像一个附加的过滤器,保证在已返回的行中没有任何行被锁定。
您的语句在逻辑上相当于:从
card_numbers
中查找第一行,如果未锁定则返回它。显然这不是你想要的。这是一个小测试用例,可以重现您所描述的行为:
第二次选择没有返回任何行。您可以使用游标来解决此问题:
由于我已显式获取游标,因此只会返回一行(并且只会锁定一行)。
The behaviour you've encountered for FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED has been described in this blog note. My understanding is that the FOR UPDATE clause is evaluated AFTER the WHERE clause. The SKIP LOCKED is like an additional filter that guarantees that among the rows that would have been returned, none are locked.
Your statement is logically equivalent to: find the first row from
card_numbers
and return it if it is not locked. Obviously this is not what you want.Here is a little test case that reproduces the behaviour you describe:
No row is returned from the second select. You can use a cursor to work around this issue:
Since I've explicitely fetched the cursor, only one row will be returned (and only one row will be locked).
虽然其他答案已经充分解释了数据库中各种
SELECT .. FOR UPDATE
变体的情况,但我认为值得一提的是,Oracle 不鼓励使用FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
直接并鼓励使用Oracle AQ
代替:http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/statements_10002.htm#i2066346
我们在应用程序中使用
Oracle AQ
我可以确认,经过一段陡峭的学习曲线后,这可能是一种非常方便的直接在数据库中处理生产者/消费者的方法While the other answers already sufficiently explained what's going on in your database with the various
SELECT .. FOR UPDATE
variants, I think it's worth mentioning that Oracle discourages usingFOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
directly and encourages usingOracle AQ
instead:http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/statements_10002.htm#i2066346
We use
Oracle AQ
in our application and I can confirm that, after a somewhat steep learning curve, it can be a quite convenient way to handle producers/consumers directly in the database并不是说文森特的答案是错误的,但我会以不同的方式设计它。
我的第一反应是选择更新第一个可用记录并使用“reserved_date”更新该记录。经过 XXX 时间且交易尚未完成后,将记录的reserved_date 更新回 null,再次释放记录。
我尝试让事情尽可能简单。对我来说,这更简单。
Not that Vincent's answer is wrong but I would have designed it differently.
My first instinct is to select for update the first available record and updated the record with a "reserved_date". After XXX time has passed and the transaction is not finalized, update the record's reserved_date back to null freeing up the record again.
I try to keep things as simple as possible. For me, this is simpler.