和 有什么区别?和&&在Java中?
我一直认为Java中的&&
运算符是用来验证它的两个布尔操作数是否为true
的,而&
运算符是用于对两个整数类型进行按位运算。
最近我发现 &
运算符也可以用来验证它的两个布尔操作数是否为 true
,唯一的区别是它检查 RHS 操作数,即使 LHS 操作数也是如此操作数为假。
Java中的&
运算符内部是否重载?或者这背后还有其他什么概念吗?
I always thought that &&
operator in Java is used for verifying whether both its boolean operands are true
, and the &
operator is used to do Bit-wise operations on two integer types.
Recently I came to know that &
operator can also be used verify whether both its boolean operands are true
, the only difference being that it checks the RHS operand even if the LHS operand is false.
Is the &
operator in Java internally overloaded? Or is there some other concept behind this?
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这取决于参数的类型...
对于整数参数,单个与号(“&”)是“按位 AND”运算符。除了两个布尔参数之外,没有为任何内容定义双与号(“&&”)。
对于布尔参数,单个 & 符号构成(无条件)“逻辑 AND”运算符,而双 & 符号(“&&”)是“条件逻辑 AND”运算符。也就是说,单 & 符号始终计算两个参数,而双 & 符号仅在第一个参数为 true 时计算第二个参数。
对于所有其他参数类型和组合,应该发生编译时错误。
It depends on the type of the arguments...
For integer arguments, the single ampersand ("&")is the "bit-wise AND" operator. The double ampersand ("&&") is not defined for anything but two boolean arguments.
For boolean arguments, the single ampersand constitutes the (unconditional) "logical AND" operator while the double ampersand ("&&") is the "conditional logical AND" operator. That is to say that the single ampersand always evaluates both arguments whereas the double ampersand will only evaluate the second argument if the first argument is true.
For all other argument types and combinations, a compile-time error should occur.
&&是一个短路运算符,而 &是 AND 运算符。
试试这个。
&& is a short circuit operator whereas & is a AND operator.
Try this.
我想我的回答可以更容易理解:
&
和&&
之间有两个区别。如果它们用作逻辑AND
&
和&&
可以是逻辑AND
,当&
或&&
左右表达式结果均为true,则整个运算结果可为true。当
&
和&&
作为逻辑AND
时,有一个区别:当使用
&&
时> 作为逻辑AND
,如果左边的表达式结果为假,右边的表达式将不会执行。举个例子:
如果使用
&
:另一个例子:
&可以用作位运算符
&
可以用作按位AND
运算符,&&
不能。从维基页面:
http://www.roseindia.net /java/master-java/java-bitwise-and.shtml
I think my answer can be more understandable:
There are two differences between
&
and&&
.If they use as logical AND
&
and&&
can be logicalAND
, when the&
or&&
left and right expression result all is true, the whole operation result can be true.when
&
and&&
as logicalAND
, there is a difference:when use
&&
as logicalAND
, if the left expression result is false, the right expression will not execute.Take the example :
If using
&
:An other more example:
& can be used as bit operator
&
can be used as BitwiseAND
operator,&&
can not.From the wiki page:
http://www.roseindia.net/java/master-java/java-bitwise-and.shtml
它如 JLS ( 15.22.2):
“技巧”在于
&
是一个整数位运算符以及一个布尔逻辑运算符。那么为什么不呢,将此视为运算符重载的示例是合理的。it's as specified in the JLS (15.22.2):
The "trick" is that
&
is an Integer Bitwise Operator as well as an Boolean Logical Operator. So why not, seeing this as an example for operator overloading is reasonable.'&&' : - 是逻辑 AND 运算符,根据其参数的逻辑关系生成布尔值 true 或 false。
例如: - Condition1 && Condition2
如果 Condition1 为 false,则 (Condition1 && Condition2) 将始终为 false,这就是该逻辑运算符也称为短路运算符的原因,因为它不计算另一个条件。如果 Condition1 为 false ,则无需评估 Condtiton2。
如果 Condition1 为 true,则计算 Condition2,如果为 true,则总体结果为 true,否则为 false。
'&' : - 是按位与运算符。如果两个输入位均为 1,则它会在输出中生成一 (1)。否则它会产生零 (0)。
例如:
-int a=12; // 12 的二进制表示为 1100
int b=6; // 6 的二进制表示为 0110
int c=(a & b); // (12 & 6) 的二进制表示为 0100
c 的值为 4。
作为参考,请参阅此 http://techno-terminal.blogspot.in/2015/11/difference- Between-operator-and-operator.html
‘&&’ : - is a Logical AND operator produce a boolean value of true or false based on the logical relationship of its arguments.
For example: - Condition1 && Condition2
If Condition1 is false, then (Condition1 && Condition2) will always be false, that is the reason why this logical operator is also known as Short Circuit Operator because it does not evaluate another condition. If Condition1 is false , then there is no need to evaluate Condtiton2.
If Condition1 is true, then Condition2 is evaluated, if it is true then overall result will be true else it will be false.
‘&’ : - is a Bitwise AND Operator. It produces a one (1) in the output if both the input bits are one. Otherwise it produces zero (0).
For example:-
int a=12; // binary representation of 12 is 1100
int b=6; // binary representation of 6 is 0110
int c=(a & b); // binary representation of (12 & 6) is 0100
The value of c is 4.
for reference , refer this http://techno-terminal.blogspot.in/2015/11/difference-between-operator-and-operator.html
&&
和||
称为短路运算符。使用它们时,对于||
- 如果第一个操作数的计算结果为true
,则不会计算其余操作数。对于&&
- 如果第一个操作数的计算结果为false
,则其余操作数根本不会被计算。因此,在本例中,如果 a 为 true,则
if (a || (++x > 0))
变量 x 不会递增。&&
and||
are called short circuit operators. When they are used, for||
- if the first operand evaluates totrue
, then the rest of the operands are not evaluated. For&&
- if the first operand evaluates tofalse
, the rest of them don't get evaluated at all.so
if (a || (++x > 0))
in this example the variable x won't get incremented if a wastrue
.对于布尔值,两者之间没有输出差异。您可以交换 &&和&或||和 |它永远不会改变你表达的结果。
差异在于处理信息的场景背后。当您将表达式“(a != 0) & ( b != 0)”右为 a= 0 且 b = 1 时,会发生以下情况:
当您编写表达式
(a != 0) & & ( b != 0)
当 a= 0 且 b = 1 时,会发生以下情况:步骤更少,处理更少,编码更好,尤其是在执行许多布尔表达式或复杂参数时。
With booleans, there is no output difference between the two. You can swap && and & or || and | and it will never change the result of your expression.
The difference lies behind the scene where the information is being processed. When you right an expression "(a != 0) & ( b != 0)" for a= 0 and b = 1, The following happens:
When you write an expression
(a != 0) && ( b != 0)
when a= 0 and b = 1, the following happens:Less steps, less processing, better coding, especially when doing many boolean expression or complicated arguments.
除了&&和 ||由于短路,混合两种形式时还要考虑运算符优先级。
我认为每个人都不会立即意识到 result1 和 result2 包含不同的值。
Besides && and || being short circuiting, also consider operator precedence when mixing the two forms.
I think it will not be immediately apparent to everybody that result1 and result2 contain different values.
&是一个按位运算符 plus,用于检查两个条件,因为有时我们需要评估两个条件。
但是&&当第一个条件为真时,逻辑运算符转到第二个条件。
& is a bitwise operator plus used for checking both conditions because sometimes we need to evaluate both condition.
But && logical operator go to 2nd condition when first condition give true.
所有答案都
很好
,而且似乎不需要
更多答案需要
但我只是想指出有关
&&
运算符的一些内容,称为dependent condition
在使用运算符 && 的表达式中,一个条件 - 我们将其称为 < code>依赖条件——可能需要另一个条件为真,依赖条件的评估才有意义。
在这种情况下,依赖条件应放在 && 之后。操作员以防止错误。
考虑表达式
(i != 0) && (10 / i == 2)
。依赖条件(10 / i == 2)
必须出现在
&&
运算符之后,以防止被零除的可能性。另一个例子
(myObject != null) && (myObject.getValue() == somevaluse)
和另一件事:
&&
和||
被称为 短路评估,因为第二个参数仅在
第一个<时执行或评估/code> 参数
不足以
确定
表达式
的值
参考:Java™ 如何编程(早期对象),第十版
all answers are
great
, and it seems thatno
more answeris needed
but I just wonted to point out something about
&&
operator calleddependent condition
In expressions using operator &&, a condition—we’ll call this the
dependent condition
—may require another condition to be true for the evaluation of the dependent condition to be meaningful.In this case, the dependent condition should be placed after the && operator to prevent errors.
Consider the expression
(i != 0) && (10 / i == 2)
. The dependent condition(10 / i == 2)
mustappear after
the&&
operator to prevent the possibility of division by zero.another example
(myObject != null) && (myObject.getValue() == somevaluse)
and another thing:
&&
and||
are called short-circuit evaluation because the second argument is executed or evaluatedonly if
thefirst
argument doesnot suffice
todetermine
thevalue
of theexpression
References: Java™ How To Program (Early Objects), Tenth Edition
对于AND和OR运算符,Java有两种评估类型,即短路评估和完全评估。
<代码>&& || 短路求值
短路求值使您能够不求值 AND 和 OR 表达式的右侧,当总体结果可以从左侧值预测。
<代码>& | ^ 全面评估
虽然在某些情况下可以预测结果,但有必要评估右侧。
注意:
^
) 来说,没有短路,因为始终需要双方来确定总体结果。最小评估
和McCarthy评估
。&
还可以充当按位与运算符,非常学术,可以在密码学中使用。当两位都为 1 时,结果为 1,或者其中一位不为 1 时,结果为 0。(查看以下代码)AND 按位示例:
In respect of the AND and OR operators, Java has got two types of evaluation namely
Short-Circuit evaluation
andfull evaluation
.&& ||
Short-Circuit EvaluationShort-Circuit evaluation enables you to not evaluate the right-hand side of AND and OR expressions, when the overall result can be predicted from the left-side value.
& | ^
Full EvaluationAlthough in some cases it is possible to predict the result, It is necessary to evaluate the right-hand side.
Notice:
^
) there is no short-circuit, because both sides are always required to determine the overall result.minimal evaluation
andMcCarthy evaluation
.&
can also act as a Bitwise AND operator which is very academic and can be used in cryptography. When both bits are 1, the result is 1, or either of the bits is not 1, the result is 0. (Check the following code)AND Bitwise example:
所有答案都很好地涵盖了几乎每个比较点。我只想添加一个例子。演示输出如何根据我们使用的运算符而变化。考虑下面的示例
在上面的代码中,我们使用按位 &操作员。因此,无论单个结果如何,它都会评估两个参数(左和右)。
因此,
a
将在if 条件
内增加 2 倍。但由于条件不会变为真,因此不会进入 if 循环内部,并且不会发生第三次增量。所以在这种情况下 a 的最终值将变为 12。现在假设,在上面的同一示例中,如果我们使用短路 &&操作员。然后在将
++a==10
评估为 false 后,它不会去检查第二个参数。因此,最终的值可能是 11。基于此,我们可以说按位 & 的性能是 11。与短路 && 相比,运算符相对较低操作员。因为按位运算符将计算两个参数,而不管第一个参数的结果如何。而&&如果第一个参数的结果为 false,则运算符将停止计算第二个参数。
这两者之间的另一个区别是,Bitwise &运算符适用于布尔类型和整数类型。同时短路&&运算符仅适用于布尔类型。
我们可以这样写,
但是如果我们尝试这样写,
那么它会给出一个错误,
Almost every point of comparison is very well covered in all the answers. I just want to add one example. To demonstrate how the output changes based on which operator we use. Consider the below example
In the above code, We are using bitwise & operator. So It will evaluate both the arguments(left and right) irrespective of the individual result.
so
a
will increment 2 times withinif condition
. But as the condition will not become true, It will not enter inside the if-loop and 3rd increment will not happen. So the final value of a would become 12 in this case.Now suppose, in the same above example If we use short-circuit && operator. then after evaluating
++a==10
to false, It will not go to check the second argument. And Hence the final value of a would-be 11.Based on this, We can say that performance of bitwise & operator is relatively low compare to the short-circuit && operator. As bitwise operator will go to evaluate both the arguments irrespective of the result of the first argument. While && operator will stop evaluating the second argument if the first argument's result is false.
One more difference between these two is, Bitwise & operator is applicable for boolean as well as integral types. While short-circuit && operator is applicable only for the boolean type.
We can write
But if We try to write like ,
Then it will give an error saying,
& <-- 验证两个操作数
&& <-- 如果第一个操作数计算结果为 false,则停止计算,因为结果将为 false
(x != 0) & (1/x > 1)
<-- 这意味着评估(x != 0)
然后评估(1/x > 1)
then做&。问题是,对于 x=0 这将引发异常。<代码>(x != 0) && (1/x > 1) <-- 这意味着评估
(x != 0)
并且只有当这是 true 时才评估(1/x > 1 )
因此,如果 x=0 那么这是完全安全的,如果 (x != 0) 计算结果为 false,则不会抛出任何异常,整个事情直接计算为 false,而不计算(1/ x>1)。
编辑:
exprA | exprB
<-- 这意味着先评估exprA
,然后评估exprB
,然后执行|
。exprA || exprB
<-- 这意味着评估exprA
并且只有当它为false
时才评估exprB
并执行| |。
& <-- verifies both operands
&& <-- stops evaluating if the first operand evaluates to false since the result will be false
(x != 0) & (1/x > 1)
<-- this means evaluate(x != 0)
then evaluate(1/x > 1)
then do the &. the problem is that for x=0 this will throw an exception.(x != 0) && (1/x > 1)
<-- this means evaluate(x != 0)
and only if this is true then evaluate(1/x > 1)
so if you have x=0 then this is perfectly safe and won't throw any exception if (x != 0) evaluates to false the whole thing directly evaluates to false without evaluating the(1/x > 1)
.EDIT:
exprA | exprB
<-- this means evaluateexprA
then evaluateexprB
then do the|
.exprA || exprB
<-- this means evaluateexprA
and only if this isfalse
then evaluateexprB
and do the||
.除了不通过评估两个操作数来成为惰性评估器之外,我认为按位运算符的主要特征会比较操作数的每个字节,如下例所示:
Besides not being a lazy evaluator by evaluating both operands, I think the main characteristics of bitwise operators compare each bytes of operands like in the following example: