“时间”的换行问题；和“制作”

Question

我正在用 C 开发一些软件。我的 makefile 中的目标之一运行测试，我使用 time 来记录运行时，并使用 valgrind 来检查内存泄漏。当我直接从命令行调用较小的测试之一时，我得到了这一点。

$ time valgrind bin/test data/gff3/example1.gff3 data/gff3/example2.gff3
==27268== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==27268== Copyright (C) 2002-2010, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==27268== Using Valgrind-3.6.0.SVN-Debian and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==27268== Command: bin/test data/gff3/example1.gff3 data/gff3/example2.gff3
==27268== 
==27268== 
==27268== HEAP SUMMARY:
==27268==     in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==27268==   total heap usage: 4,001 allocs, 4,001 frees, 152,648 bytes allocated
==27268== 
==27268== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==27268== 
==27268== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==27268== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 4 from 4)

real    0m1.460s
user    0m1.330s
sys 0m0.110s

但是，当我从 makefile 调用测试（使用相同的命令）时，我得到了这个。

$ make mem
time valgrind bin/test data/gff3/example1.gff3 data/gff3/example2.gff3
==27265== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==27265== Copyright (C) 2002-2010, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==27265== Using Valgrind-3.6.0.SVN-Debian and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==27265== Command: bin/test data/gff3/example1.gff3 data/gff3/example2.gff3
==27265== 
==27265== 
==27265== HEAP SUMMARY:
==27265==     in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==27265==   total heap usage: 4,001 allocs, 4,001 frees, 152,648 bytes allocated
==27265== 
==27265== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==27265== 
==27265== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==27265== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 4 from 4)
1.32user 0.10system 0:01.55elapsed 91%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 214752maxresident)k
24inputs+8outputs (1major+18568minor)pagefaults 0swaps

底部的 time 程序的输出似乎存在换行问题，以及直接从命令行调用时我没有看到的一些附加输出。当我尝试为使用 nohup 运行的作业计时时，我曾经见过这种情况。

为什么会发生这种情况？我该怎么做才能获得一致的结果？

Answer 1

time 是 bash 的内置函数。 Makefile 的输出看起来像 /usr/bin/time 的输出。获得一致结果的最简单方法是在命令行上运行“/usr/bin/time”而不是 time。