水平缩放和垂直缩放是什么意思？
在数据库位于第四层的三层架构中，水平缩放和垂直缩放是什么意思？
In a three layer architecture with the database on the fourth, what does scaling horizontally and scaling vertically mean?
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简单来说，横向扩展就是添加更多服务器。纵向增加服务器的资源。
您可以在维基百科上找到更多信息。
In simple terms, to scale horizontally is adding more servers. Vertically to increase the resources of the server.
You can find more info on Wikipedia.
垂直扩展
垂直扩展或改进节点/服务器的功能可以为节点提供更大的容量，但不会减少集群现有成员的总体负载。也就是说，改进后的节点处理现有负载的能力增加了，但负载本身没有变化。垂直扩展的方法包括增加 IOPS、增加 CPU/RAM 容量和增加磁盘容量。
水平扩展
水平扩展或增加集群中的节点数量，通过更广泛地扩展密钥空间并为客户端连接提供额外的端点来减少每个成员节点的责任。即每个单独节点的容量不变，但其负载减少。水平扩展的原因包括增加 I/O 并发性、减少现有节点上的负载以及增加磁盘容量。
Vertical Scaling
Vertical scaling, or improving the capabilities of a node/server, gives greater capacity to the node but does not decrease the overall load on existing members of the cluster. That is, the ability for the improved node to handle existing load is increased, but the load itself is unchanged. Ways to scale vertically include increasing IOPS, increasing CPU/RAM capacity, and increasing disk capacity.
Horizontal Scaling
Horizontal scaling, or increasing the number of nodes in the cluster, reduces the responsibilities of each member node by spreading the keyspace wider and providing additional endpoints for client connections. That is, the capacity of each individual node does not change, but its load is decreased. Reasons to scale horizontally include increasing I/O concurrency, reducing the load on existing nodes, and increasing disk capacity.