python3 ctype CreateWindowEx 简单示例

Question

我已经用谷歌搜索了一段时间，但找不到用于创建和显示窗口的 python3 ctypes 和 Win32 API 的简单示例。请给我指出好的链接或在此处显示代码。

提前致谢！

Answer 1

使用 win32gui 模块及其朋友 win32api 和 win32con 最容易做到这一点。无需将您自己的 ctypes 包装器写入 Windows API。最简单的 Petzold 风格应用程序如下所示：

import win32api, win32con, win32gui

class MyWindow:

    def __init__(self):
        win32gui.InitCommonControls()
        self.hinst = win32api.GetModuleHandle(None)
        className = 'MyWndClass'
        message_map = {
            win32con.WM_DESTROY: self.OnDestroy,
        }
        wc = win32gui.WNDCLASS()
        wc.style = win32con.CS_HREDRAW | win32con.CS_VREDRAW
        wc.lpfnWndProc = message_map
        wc.lpszClassName = className
        win32gui.RegisterClass(wc)
        style = win32con.WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW
        self.hwnd = win32gui.CreateWindow(
            className,
            'My win32api app',
            style,
            win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT,
            win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT,
            300,
            300,
            0,
            0,
            self.hinst,
            None
        )
        win32gui.UpdateWindow(self.hwnd)
        win32gui.ShowWindow(self.hwnd, win32con.SW_SHOW)

    def OnDestroy(self, hwnd, message, wparam, lparam):
        win32gui.PostQuitMessage(0)
        return True

w = MyWindow()
win32gui.PumpMessages()

Answer 2

发现了这个漂亮的小饰品，并花时间让它只在 vanilla python 3.4.0 的标准库上工作：
（对于那些希望在 PyWin32 上使用本机的人）
http://code.activestate.com/菜谱/208699-calling-windows-api-using-ctypes-and-win32con/

import sys
from ctypes import *

kernel32 = windll.kernel32
user32 = windll.user32
gdi32 = windll.gdi32

NULL = 0
CW_USEDEFAULT = -2147483648
IDI_APPLICATION = 32512
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW = 13565952

CS_HREDRAW = 2
CS_VREDRAW = 1

IDC_ARROW = 32512
WHITE_BRUSH = 0

SW_SHOWNORMAL = 1

WNDPROC = WINFUNCTYPE(c_long, c_int, c_uint, c_int, c_int)

class WNDCLASS(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('style', c_uint),
                ('lpfnWndProc', WNDPROC),
                ('cbClsExtra', c_int),
                ('cbWndExtra', c_int),
                ('hInstance', c_int),
                ('hIcon', c_int),
                ('hCursor', c_int),
                ('hbrBackground', c_int),
                ('lpszMenuName', c_char_p),
                ('lpszClassName', c_char_p)]

class RECT(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('left', c_long),
                ('top', c_long),
                ('right', c_long),
                ('bottom', c_long)]

class PAINTSTRUCT(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('hdc', c_int),
                ('fErase', c_int),
                ('rcPaint', RECT),
                ('fRestore', c_int),
                ('fIncUpdate', c_int),
                ('rgbReserved', c_char * 32)]

class POINT(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('x', c_long),
                ('y', c_long)]

class MSG(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('hwnd', c_int),
                ('message', c_uint),
                ('wParam', c_int),
                ('lParam', c_int),
                ('time', c_int),
                ('pt', POINT)]

def ErrorIfZero(handle):
    if handle == 0:
        raise WinError
    else:
        return handle

def MainWin():
    global NULL
    CreateWindowEx          = user32.CreateWindowExA
    CreateWindowEx.argtypes = [c_int, c_char_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int]
    CreateWindowEx.restype  = ErrorIfZero

    # Define Window Class
    wndclass = WNDCLASS()
    wndclass.style          = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW
    wndclass.lpfnWndProc    = WNDPROC(WndProc)
    wndclass.cbClsExtra = wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0
    wndclass.hInstance      = kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(c_int(NULL))
    wndclass.hIcon          = user32.LoadIconA(c_int(NULL), c_int(IDI_APPLICATION))
    wndclass.hCursor        = user32.LoadCursorA(c_int(NULL), c_int(IDC_ARROW))
    wndclass.hbrBackground  = gdi32.GetStockObject(c_int(WHITE_BRUSH))
    wndclass.lpszMenuName   = None
    wndclass.lpszClassName  = b"MainWin"
    # Register Window Class
    if not user32.RegisterClassA(byref(wndclass)):
        raise WinError()
    # Create Window
    hwnd = CreateWindowEx(0,
                          wndclass.lpszClassName,
                          b"Python Window",
                          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          NULL,
                          NULL,
                          wndclass.hInstance,
                          NULL)
    # Show Window
    user32.ShowWindow(c_int(hwnd), c_int(SW_SHOWNORMAL))
    user32.UpdateWindow(c_int(hwnd))
    # Pump Messages
    msg = MSG()
    pMsg = pointer(msg)
    NULL = c_int(NULL)

    while user32.GetMessageA( pMsg, NULL, 0, 0) != 0:
        user32.TranslateMessage(pMsg)
        user32.DispatchMessageA(pMsg)

    return msg.wParam

WM_PAINT = 15
WM_DESTROY = 2

DT_SINGLELINE = 32
DT_CENTER = 1
DT_VCENTER = 4
def WndProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam):
    ps = PAINTSTRUCT()
    rect = RECT()

    if message == WM_PAINT:
        hdc = user32.BeginPaint(c_int(hwnd), byref(ps))
        user32.GetClientRect(c_int(hwnd), byref(rect))
        user32.DrawTextA(c_int(hdc),
                         b"Python Powered Windows" ,
                         c_int(-1), byref(rect), 
                         DT_SINGLELINE|DT_CENTER|DT_VCENTER)
        user32.EndPaint(c_int(hwnd), byref(ps))
        return 0
    elif message == WM_DESTROY:
        user32.PostQuitMessage(0)
        return 0

    return user32.DefWindowProcA(c_int(hwnd), c_int(message), c_int(wParam), c_int(lParam))

if __name__=='__main__':
    sys.exit(MainWin())

Answer 3

这是一个基于 @Tcll 答案的纯 ctypes 版本，也移植到“宽”API。原始版本无法正确处理 64 位 Python（将句柄转换为 c_int）并且使用 ANSI API，因此不再推荐。它还为所有内容声明完整的 argtypes/restype 以帮助捕获编码错误。

正如您所看到的，使用 pywin32 更容易。

在 Python 2.7 32 位、Python 3.6 64 位和 Python 3.8 32 位上测试。

#coding:utf8
from __future__ import unicode_literals

import sys
import ctypes as ct
import ctypes.wintypes as w  # ctypes has many pre-defined Windows types

def errcheck(result, func, args):
    if result is None or result == 0:
        raise ct.WinError(ct.get_last_error())
    return result

def minusonecheck(result, func, args):
    if result == -1:
        raise ct.WinError(ct.get_last_error())
    return result

# Missing from ctypes.wintypes...
LRESULT = ct.c_int64
HCURSOR = ct.c_void_p

WNDPROC = ct.WINFUNCTYPE(LRESULT, w.HWND, w.UINT, w.WPARAM, w.LPARAM)

def MAKEINTRESOURCE(x):
    return w.LPCWSTR(x)

class WNDCLASS(ct.Structure):
    _fields_ = (('style', w.UINT),
                ('lpfnWndProc', WNDPROC),
                ('cbClsExtra', ct.c_int),
                ('cbWndExtra', ct.c_int),
                ('hInstance', w.HINSTANCE),
                ('hIcon', w.HICON),
                ('hCursor', HCURSOR),
                ('hbrBackground', w.HBRUSH),
                ('lpszMenuName', w.LPCWSTR),
                ('lpszClassName', w.LPCWSTR))

class PAINTSTRUCT(ct.Structure):
    _fields_ = (('hdc', w.HDC),
                ('fErase', w.BOOL),
                ('rcPaint', w.RECT),
                ('fRestore', w.BOOL),
                ('fIncUpdate', w.BOOL),
                ('rgbReserved', w.BYTE * 32))

kernel32 = ct.WinDLL('kernel32', use_last_error=True)
GetModuleHandle = kernel32.GetModuleHandleW
GetModuleHandle.argtypes = w.LPCWSTR,
GetModuleHandle.restype = w.HMODULE
GetModuleHandle.errcheck = errcheck

user32 = ct.WinDLL('user32', use_last_error=True)
CreateWindowEx = user32.CreateWindowExW
CreateWindowEx.argtypes = w.DWORD, w.LPCWSTR, w.LPCWSTR, w.DWORD, ct.c_int, ct.c_int, ct.c_int, ct.c_int, w.HWND, w.HMENU, w.HINSTANCE, w.LPVOID
CreateWindowEx.restype = w.HWND
CreateWindowEx.errcheck = errcheck
LoadIcon = user32.LoadIconW
LoadIcon.argtypes = w.HINSTANCE, w.LPCWSTR
LoadIcon.restype = w.HICON
LoadIcon.errcheck = errcheck
LoadCursor = user32.LoadCursorW
LoadCursor.argtypes = w.HINSTANCE, w.LPCWSTR
LoadCursor.restype = HCURSOR
LoadCursor.errcheck = errcheck
RegisterClass = user32.RegisterClassW
RegisterClass.argtypes = ct.POINTER(WNDCLASS),
RegisterClass.restype = w.ATOM
RegisterClass.errcheck = errcheck
ShowWindow = user32.ShowWindow
ShowWindow.argtypes = w.HWND, ct.c_int
ShowWindow.restype = w.BOOL
UpdateWindow = user32.UpdateWindow
UpdateWindow.argtypes = w.HWND,
UpdateWindow.restype = w.BOOL
UpdateWindow.errcheck = errcheck
GetMessage = user32.GetMessageW
GetMessage.argtypes = ct.POINTER(w.MSG), w.HWND, w.UINT, w.UINT
GetMessage.restype = w.BOOL
GetMessage.errcheck = minusonecheck
TranslateMessage = user32.TranslateMessage
TranslateMessage.argtypes = ct.POINTER(w.MSG),
TranslateMessage.restype = w.BOOL
DispatchMessage = user32.DispatchMessageW
DispatchMessage.argtypes = ct.POINTER(w.MSG),
DispatchMessage.restype = LRESULT
BeginPaint = user32.BeginPaint
BeginPaint.argtypes = w.HWND, ct.POINTER(PAINTSTRUCT)
BeginPaint.restype = w.HDC
GetClientRect = user32.GetClientRect
GetClientRect.argtypes = w.HWND, ct.POINTER(w.RECT)
GetClientRect.restype = w.BOOL
GetClientRect.errcheck = errcheck
DrawText = user32.DrawTextW
DrawText.argtypes = w.HDC, w.LPCWSTR, ct.c_int, ct.POINTER(w.RECT), w.UINT
DrawText.restype = ct.c_int
EndPaint = user32.EndPaint
EndPaint.argtypes = w.HWND, ct.POINTER(PAINTSTRUCT)
EndPaint.restype = w.BOOL
PostQuitMessage = user32.PostQuitMessage
PostQuitMessage.argtypes = ct.c_int,
PostQuitMessage.restype = None
DefWindowProc = user32.DefWindowProcW
DefWindowProc.argtypes = w.HWND, w.UINT, w.WPARAM, w.LPARAM
DefWindowProc.restype = LRESULT

gdi32 = ct.WinDLL('gdi32', use_last_error=True)
GetStockObject = gdi32.GetStockObject
GetStockObject.argtypes = ct.c_int,
GetStockObject.restype = w.HGDIOBJ

CW_USEDEFAULT = ct.c_int(0x80000000).value
IDI_APPLICATION = MAKEINTRESOURCE(32512)

WS_OVERLAPPED  = 0x00000000
WS_CAPTION     = 0x00C00000
WS_SYSMENU     = 0x00080000
WS_THICKFRAME  = 0x00040000
WS_MINIMIZEBOX = 0x00020000
WS_MAXIMIZEBOX = 0x00010000

WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW = WS_OVERLAPPED | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU | WS_THICKFRAME | WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_MAXIMIZEBOX
assert WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW == 0x00CF0000

CS_HREDRAW = 2
CS_VREDRAW = 1

IDC_ARROW = MAKEINTRESOURCE(32512)
WHITE_BRUSH = 0

SW_SHOWNORMAL = 1

WM_PAINT = 15
WM_DESTROY = 2
DT_SINGLELINE = 32
DT_CENTER = 1
DT_VCENTER = 4

def MainWin():
    # Define Window Class
    wndclass = WNDCLASS()
    wndclass.style         = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW
    wndclass.lpfnWndProc   = WNDPROC(WndProc)
    wndclass.cbClsExtra    = 0
    wndclass.cbWndExtra    = 0
    wndclass.hInstance     = GetModuleHandle(None)
    wndclass.hIcon         = LoadIcon(None, IDI_APPLICATION)
    wndclass.hCursor       = LoadCursor(None, IDC_ARROW)
    wndclass.hbrBackground = GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH)
    wndclass.lpszMenuName  = None
    wndclass.lpszClassName = 'MainWin'

    # Register Window Class
    RegisterClass(ct.byref(wndclass))

    # Create Window
    hwnd = CreateWindowEx(0,
                          wndclass.lpszClassName,
                          'Python Window',
                          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          None,
                          None,
                          wndclass.hInstance,
                          None)
    # Show Window
    user32.ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOWNORMAL)
    user32.UpdateWindow(hwnd)

    # Pump Messages
    msg = w.MSG()
    while GetMessage(ct.byref(msg), None, 0, 0) != 0:
        TranslateMessage(ct.byref(msg))
        DispatchMessage(ct.byref(msg))

    return msg.wParam

def WndProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam):
    ps = PAINTSTRUCT()
    rect = w.RECT()

    if message == WM_PAINT:
        hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, ct.byref(ps))
        GetClientRect(hwnd, ct.byref(rect))
        DrawText(hdc,
                 'Python Powered Windows 你好吗？',
                 -1, ct.byref(rect),
                 DT_SINGLELINE|DT_CENTER|DT_VCENTER)
        EndPaint(hwnd, ct.byref(ps))
        return 0
    elif message == WM_DESTROY:
        PostQuitMessage(0)
        return 0

    return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam)

if __name__=='__main__':
    sys.exit(MainWin())