如何记录带有调试信息的 Python 错误?

发布于 2024-10-20 04:00:07 字数 259 浏览 10 评论 0原文

我使用 logging.error 将 Python 异常消息打印到日志文件:

import logging
try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    logging.error(e)  # ERROR:root:division by zero

是否可以打印有关异常和生成异常的代码的更多详细信息,而不仅仅是异常字符串?像行号或堆栈跟踪这样的东西会很棒。

I am printing Python exception messages to a log file with logging.error:

import logging
try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    logging.error(e)  # ERROR:root:division by zero

Is it possible to print more detailed information about the exception and the code that generated it than just the exception string? Things like line numbers or stack traces would be great.

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评论(17

戏舞 2024-10-27 04:00:07

logger.exception 将输出堆栈跟踪与错误消息一起。

例如:

import logging
try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    logging.exception("message")

输出:

ERROR:root:message
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

@Paulo Cheque 注释,“请注意,在 Python 3 中,您必须调用 logging.exception 方法就在 except 部分中,如果您在任意位置调用此方法,您可能会收到一个奇怪的异常。”

logger.exception will output a stack trace alongside the error message.

For example:

import logging
try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    logging.exception("message")

Output:

ERROR:root:message
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

@Paulo Cheque notes, "be aware that in Python 3 you must call the logging.exception method just inside the except part. If you call this method in an arbitrary place you may get a bizarre exception. The docs alert about that."

丘比特射中我 2024-10-27 04:00:07

使用 exc_info 选项可能会更好,允许您选择错误级别(如果您使用 exception,它将始终处于 error 级别):

try:
    # do something here
except Exception as e:
    logging.critical(e, exc_info=True)  # log exception info at CRITICAL log level

Using exc_info options may be better, to allow you to choose the error level (if you use exception, it will always be at the error level):

try:
    # do something here
except Exception as e:
    logging.critical(e, exc_info=True)  # log exception info at CRITICAL log level
酒解孤独 2024-10-27 04:00:07

SiggyF 的答案 没有显示的关于 logging.exception 的一个好处是,您可以传入一个任意消息,并且日志记录仍将显示包含所有异常详细信息的完整回溯:

import logging
try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    logging.exception("Deliberate divide by zero traceback")

默认(在最新版本中)日志记录行为仅将错误打印到 sys.stderr ,它看起来像这样:

>>> import logging
>>> try:
...     1/0
... except ZeroDivisionError:
...     logging.exception("Deliberate divide by zero traceback")
... 
ERROR:root:Deliberate divide by zero traceback
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

One nice thing about logging.exception that SiggyF's answer doesn't show is that you can pass in an arbitrary message, and logging will still show the full traceback with all the exception details:

import logging
try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    logging.exception("Deliberate divide by zero traceback")

With the default (in recent versions) logging behaviour of just printing errors to sys.stderr, it looks like this:

>>> import logging
>>> try:
...     1/0
... except ZeroDivisionError:
...     logging.exception("Deliberate divide by zero traceback")
... 
ERROR:root:Deliberate divide by zero traceback
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
杀手六號 2024-10-27 04:00:07

引用

如果您的应用程序以其他方式进行日志记录(不使用logging模块)怎么办?

现在,可以在这里使用traceback

import traceback

def log_traceback(ex, ex_traceback=None):
    if ex_traceback is None:
        ex_traceback = ex.__traceback__
    tb_lines = [ line.rstrip('\n') for line in
                 traceback.format_exception(ex.__class__, ex, ex_traceback)]
    exception_logger.log(tb_lines)
  • Python 2中使用它:

    <前><代码>尝试:
    # 你的函数调用在这里
    除了异常例如:
    _、_、ex_traceback = sys.exc_info()
    log_traceback(前,ex_traceback)

  • Python 3中使用它:

    <前><代码>尝试:
    x = get_number()
    除了异常例如:
    log_traceback(前)

Quoting

What if your application does logging some other way – not using the logging module?

Now, traceback could be used here.

import traceback

def log_traceback(ex, ex_traceback=None):
    if ex_traceback is None:
        ex_traceback = ex.__traceback__
    tb_lines = [ line.rstrip('\n') for line in
                 traceback.format_exception(ex.__class__, ex, ex_traceback)]
    exception_logger.log(tb_lines)
  • Use it in Python 2:

    try:
        # your function call is here
    except Exception as ex:
        _, _, ex_traceback = sys.exc_info()
        log_traceback(ex, ex_traceback)
    
  • Use it in Python 3:

    try:
        x = get_number()
    except Exception as ex:
        log_traceback(ex)
    
鸠书 2024-10-27 04:00:07

您可以毫无异常地记录堆栈跟踪。

https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging .html#logging.Logger.debug

第二个可选关键字参数是 stack_info,默认为 False。如果为 true,则堆栈信息将添加到日志记录消息中,包括实际的日志记录调用。请注意,这与通过指定 exc_info 显示的堆栈信息不同:前者是从堆栈底部到当前线程中的日志记录调用的堆栈帧,而后者是有关已展开的堆栈帧的信息,发生异常后,同时搜索异常处理程序。

例子:

>>> import logging
>>> logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
>>> logging.getLogger().info('This prints the stack', stack_info=True)
INFO:root:This prints the stack
Stack (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
>>>

You can log the stack trace without an exception.

https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html#logging.Logger.debug

The second optional keyword argument is stack_info, which defaults to False. If true, stack information is added to the logging message, including the actual logging call. Note that this is not the same stack information as that displayed through specifying exc_info: The former is stack frames from the bottom of the stack up to the logging call in the current thread, whereas the latter is information about stack frames which have been unwound, following an exception, while searching for exception handlers.

Example:

>>> import logging
>>> logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
>>> logging.getLogger().info('This prints the stack', stack_info=True)
INFO:root:This prints the stack
Stack (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
>>>
执手闯天涯 2024-10-27 04:00:07

如果您使用纯日志 - 所有日志记录都应符合以下规则:一条记录 = 一行。遵循此规则,您可以使用 grep 和其他工具来处理日志文件。

但回溯信息是多行的。所以我的答案是上面的 zangw 提出的解决方案的扩展版本。问题是回溯行可能有 \n 内部,所以我们需要做额外的工作来摆脱这个行结尾:

import logging


logger = logging.getLogger('your_logger_here')

def log_app_error(e: BaseException, level=logging.ERROR) -> None:
    e_traceback = traceback.format_exception(e.__class__, e, e.__traceback__)
    traceback_lines = []
    for line in [line.rstrip('\n') for line in e_traceback]:
        traceback_lines.extend(line.splitlines())
    logger.log(level, traceback_lines.__str__())

之后(当你分析你的日志时)你可以复制/ 从日志文件中粘贴所需的回溯行并执行以下操作:

ex_traceback = ['line 1', 'line 2', ...]
for line in ex_traceback:
    print(line)

利润!

If you use plain logs - all your log records should correspond this rule: one record = one line. Following this rule you can use grep and other tools to process your log files.

But traceback information is multi-line. So my answer is an extended version of solution proposed by zangw above in this thread. The problem is that traceback lines could have \n inside, so we need to do an extra work to get rid of this line endings:

import logging


logger = logging.getLogger('your_logger_here')

def log_app_error(e: BaseException, level=logging.ERROR) -> None:
    e_traceback = traceback.format_exception(e.__class__, e, e.__traceback__)
    traceback_lines = []
    for line in [line.rstrip('\n') for line in e_traceback]:
        traceback_lines.extend(line.splitlines())
    logger.log(level, traceback_lines.__str__())

After that (when you'll be analyzing your logs) you could copy / paste required traceback lines from your log file and do this:

ex_traceback = ['line 1', 'line 2', ...]
for line in ex_traceback:
    print(line)

Profit!

书间行客 2024-10-27 04:00:07

这个答案是建立在上述优秀答案的基础上的。

在大多数应用程序中,您不会直接调用logging.exception(e)。您很可能已经为您的应用程序或模块定义了一个特定的自定义记录器,如下所示:

# Set the name of the app or module
my_logger = logging.getLogger('NEM Sequencer')
# Set the log level
my_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

# Let's say we want to be fancy and log to a graylog2 log server
graylog_handler = graypy.GELFHandler('some_server_ip', 12201)
graylog_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
my_logger.addHandler(graylog_handler)

在这种情况下,只需使用记录器来调用异常(e),如下所示:

try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError, e:
    my_logger.exception(e)

This answer builds up from the above excellent ones.

In most applications, you won't be calling logging.exception(e) directly. Most likely you have defined a custom logger specific for your application or module like this:

# Set the name of the app or module
my_logger = logging.getLogger('NEM Sequencer')
# Set the log level
my_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

# Let's say we want to be fancy and log to a graylog2 log server
graylog_handler = graypy.GELFHandler('some_server_ip', 12201)
graylog_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
my_logger.addHandler(graylog_handler)

In this case, just use the logger to call the exception(e) like this:

try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError, e:
    my_logger.exception(e)
黒涩兲箜 2024-10-27 04:00:07

如果“调试信息”是指引发异常时出现的值,那么 logging.exception(...) 将无济于事。因此,您需要一个工具来自动记录所有变量值以及回溯行。

开箱即用,你会得到类似“

2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR   File "./temp.py", line 13, in get_ratio
2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR     return height / width
2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR       height = 300
2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR       width = 0
2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR builtins.ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

看看一些 pypi 工具,我命名为:

其中一些会给你漂亮的崩溃消息:
输入图像描述这里

但您可能会在 pypi 上找到更多信息

If "debugging information" means the values present when exception was raised, then logging.exception(...) won't help. So you'll need a tool that logs all variable values along with the traceback lines automatically.

Out of the box you'll get log like

2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR   File "./temp.py", line 13, in get_ratio
2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR     return height / width
2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR       height = 300
2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR       width = 0
2020-03-30 18:24:31 main ERROR builtins.ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

Have a look at some pypi tools, I'd name:

Some of them give you pretty crash messages:
enter image description here

But you might find some more on pypi

胡渣熟男 2024-10-27 04:00:07

从 Python 3.5 开始,可以在

try:
    1/0
except Exception as ex:
    logging.error("Error occurred", exc_info = ex)

日志记录函数中显式指定异常:logging.exception 函数仍然有效,但必须仅在 except 块内调用,并且不允许指定日志级别。

Since Python 3.5, it's possible to explicitly specify the exception in the logging function:

try:
    1/0
except Exception as ex:
    logging.error("Error occurred", exc_info = ex)

The logging.exception function still works but must be called only within the except block and does not allow specifying log level.

请爱~陌生人 2024-10-27 04:00:07

一点装饰器处理(非常松散地受到 Maybe monad 和提升的启发)。您可以安全地删除 Python 3.6 类型注释并使用较旧的消息格式样式。

fallible.py

from functools import wraps
from typing import Callable, TypeVar, Optional
import logging


A = TypeVar('A')


def fallible(*exceptions, logger=None) \
        -> Callable[[Callable[..., A]], Callable[..., Optional[A]]]:
    """
    :param exceptions: a list of exceptions to catch
    :param logger: pass a custom logger; None means the default logger, 
                   False disables logging altogether.
    """
    def fwrap(f: Callable[..., A]) -> Callable[..., Optional[A]]:

        @wraps(f)
        def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
            try:
                return f(*args, **kwargs)
            except exceptions:
                message = f'called {f} with *args={args} and **kwargs={kwargs}'
                if logger:
                    logger.exception(message)
                if logger is None:
                    logging.exception(message)
                return None

        return wrapped

    return fwrap

演示:

In [1] from fallible import fallible

In [2]: @fallible(ArithmeticError)
    ...: def div(a, b):
    ...:     return a / b
    ...: 
    ...: 

In [3]: div(1, 2)
Out[3]: 0.5

In [4]: res = div(1, 0)
ERROR:root:called <function div at 0x10d3c6ae8> with *args=(1, 0) and **kwargs={}
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/user/fallible.py", line 17, in wrapped
    return f(*args, **kwargs)
  File "<ipython-input-17-e056bd886b5c>", line 3, in div
    return a / b

In [5]: repr(res)
'None'

您还可以修改此解决方案,以从 except 部分返回比 None 更有意义的内容(或者甚至使解决方案通用,通过在 fallible 的参数中指定此返回值)。

A little bit of decorator treatment (very loosely inspired by the Maybe monad and lifting). You can safely remove Python 3.6 type annotations and use an older message formatting style.

fallible.py

from functools import wraps
from typing import Callable, TypeVar, Optional
import logging


A = TypeVar('A')


def fallible(*exceptions, logger=None) \
        -> Callable[[Callable[..., A]], Callable[..., Optional[A]]]:
    """
    :param exceptions: a list of exceptions to catch
    :param logger: pass a custom logger; None means the default logger, 
                   False disables logging altogether.
    """
    def fwrap(f: Callable[..., A]) -> Callable[..., Optional[A]]:

        @wraps(f)
        def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
            try:
                return f(*args, **kwargs)
            except exceptions:
                message = f'called {f} with *args={args} and **kwargs={kwargs}'
                if logger:
                    logger.exception(message)
                if logger is None:
                    logging.exception(message)
                return None

        return wrapped

    return fwrap

Demo:

In [1] from fallible import fallible

In [2]: @fallible(ArithmeticError)
    ...: def div(a, b):
    ...:     return a / b
    ...: 
    ...: 

In [3]: div(1, 2)
Out[3]: 0.5

In [4]: res = div(1, 0)
ERROR:root:called <function div at 0x10d3c6ae8> with *args=(1, 0) and **kwargs={}
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/user/fallible.py", line 17, in wrapped
    return f(*args, **kwargs)
  File "<ipython-input-17-e056bd886b5c>", line 3, in div
    return a / b

In [5]: repr(res)
'None'

You can also modify this solution to return something a bit more meaningful than None from the except part (or even make the solution generic, by specifying this return value in fallible's arguments).

昔日梦未散 2024-10-27 04:00:07

在您的日志记录模块(如果是自定义模块)中,只需启用 stack_info。

api_logger.exceptionLog("*Input your Custom error message*",stack_info=True)

In your logging module(if custom module) just enable stack_info.

api_logger.exceptionLog("*Input your Custom error message*",stack_info=True)
你又不是我 2024-10-27 04:00:07

如果您查看此代码示例(适用于Python 2和3),您会请参阅下面的函数定义,它可以提取

  • 整个堆栈跟踪的方法
  • 行号代码
  • 上下文
  • 文件路径

,无论是否存在异常:

def sentry_friendly_trace(get_last_exception=True):
    try:
        current_call = list(map(frame_trans, traceback.extract_stack()))
        alert_frame = current_call[-4]
        before_call = current_call[:-4]

        err_type, err, tb = sys.exc_info() if get_last_exception else (None, None, None)
        after_call = [alert_frame] if err_type is None else extract_all_sentry_frames_from_exception(tb)

        return before_call + after_call, err, alert_frame
    except:
        return None, None, None

当然,这个函数取决于上面链接的整个要点,特别是 extract_all_sentry_frames_from_exception()frame_trans(),但异常信息提取总共不到 60 行左右。

希望有帮助!

If you look at the this code example (which works for Python 2 and 3) you'll see the function definition below which can extract

  • method
  • line number
  • code context
  • file path

for an entire stack trace, whether or not there has been an exception:

def sentry_friendly_trace(get_last_exception=True):
    try:
        current_call = list(map(frame_trans, traceback.extract_stack()))
        alert_frame = current_call[-4]
        before_call = current_call[:-4]

        err_type, err, tb = sys.exc_info() if get_last_exception else (None, None, None)
        after_call = [alert_frame] if err_type is None else extract_all_sentry_frames_from_exception(tb)

        return before_call + after_call, err, alert_frame
    except:
        return None, None, None

Of course, this function depends on the entire gist linked above, and in particular extract_all_sentry_frames_from_exception() and frame_trans() but the exception info extraction totals less than around 60 lines.

Hope that helps!

指尖凝香 2024-10-27 04:00:07

我将所有功能包装在我的定制设计的记录器中:

import json
import timeit
import traceback
import sys
import unidecode

def main_writer(f,argument):
  try:
    f.write(str(argument))
  except UnicodeEncodeError:
    f.write(unidecode.unidecode(argument))


def logger(*argv,logfile="log.txt",singleLine = False):
  """
  Writes Logs to LogFile
  """
  with open(logfile, 'a+') as f:
    for arg in argv:
      if arg == "{}":
        continue
      if type(arg) == dict and len(arg)!=0:
        json_object = json.dumps(arg, indent=4, default=str)
        f.write(str(json_object))
        f.flush()
        """
        for key,val in arg.items():
          f.write(str(key) + " : "+ str(val))
          f.flush()
        """
      elif type(arg) == list and len(arg)!=0:
        for each in arg:
          main_writer(f,each)
          f.write("\n")
          f.flush()
      else:
        main_writer(f,arg)
        f.flush()
      if singleLine==False:
        f.write("\n")
    if singleLine==True:
      f.write("\n")

def tryFunc(func, func_name=None, *args, **kwargs):
  """
  Time for Successfull Runs
  Exception Traceback for Unsuccessful Runs
  """
  stack = traceback.extract_stack()
  filename, codeline, funcName, text = stack[-2]
  func_name = func.__name__ if func_name is None else func_name # sys._getframe().f_code.co_name # func.__name__
  start = timeit.default_timer()
  x = None
  try:
    x = func(*args, **kwargs)
    stop = timeit.default_timer()
    # logger("Time to Run {} : {}".format(func_name, stop - start))
  except Exception as e:
    logger("Exception Occurred for {} :".format(func_name))
    logger("Basic Error Info :",e)
    logger("Full Error TraceBack :")
    # logger(e.message, e.args)
    logger(traceback.format_exc())
  return x

def bad_func():
  return 'a'+ 7

if __name__ == '__main__':
    logger(234)
    logger([1,2,3])
    logger(['a','b','c'])
    logger({'a':7,'b':8,'c':9})
    tryFunc(bad_func)

I wrap all functions around my custom designed logger:

import json
import timeit
import traceback
import sys
import unidecode

def main_writer(f,argument):
  try:
    f.write(str(argument))
  except UnicodeEncodeError:
    f.write(unidecode.unidecode(argument))


def logger(*argv,logfile="log.txt",singleLine = False):
  """
  Writes Logs to LogFile
  """
  with open(logfile, 'a+') as f:
    for arg in argv:
      if arg == "{}":
        continue
      if type(arg) == dict and len(arg)!=0:
        json_object = json.dumps(arg, indent=4, default=str)
        f.write(str(json_object))
        f.flush()
        """
        for key,val in arg.items():
          f.write(str(key) + " : "+ str(val))
          f.flush()
        """
      elif type(arg) == list and len(arg)!=0:
        for each in arg:
          main_writer(f,each)
          f.write("\n")
          f.flush()
      else:
        main_writer(f,arg)
        f.flush()
      if singleLine==False:
        f.write("\n")
    if singleLine==True:
      f.write("\n")

def tryFunc(func, func_name=None, *args, **kwargs):
  """
  Time for Successfull Runs
  Exception Traceback for Unsuccessful Runs
  """
  stack = traceback.extract_stack()
  filename, codeline, funcName, text = stack[-2]
  func_name = func.__name__ if func_name is None else func_name # sys._getframe().f_code.co_name # func.__name__
  start = timeit.default_timer()
  x = None
  try:
    x = func(*args, **kwargs)
    stop = timeit.default_timer()
    # logger("Time to Run {} : {}".format(func_name, stop - start))
  except Exception as e:
    logger("Exception Occurred for {} :".format(func_name))
    logger("Basic Error Info :",e)
    logger("Full Error TraceBack :")
    # logger(e.message, e.args)
    logger(traceback.format_exc())
  return x

def bad_func():
  return 'a'+ 7

if __name__ == '__main__':
    logger(234)
    logger([1,2,3])
    logger(['a','b','c'])
    logger({'a':7,'b':8,'c':9})
    tryFunc(bad_func)
白龙吟 2024-10-27 04:00:07

执行此操作的最佳且最小的库是 loguru,它显示内置的回溯并提供调试信息:

import sys
from loguru import logger
logger.add(sys.stdout, level="TRACE")

try:
    a = 1/0
except Exception as err:
    logger.exception(str(err), backtrace=True, diagnose=True)

输出:

2023-08-09 10:46:53.669 | ERROR    | __main__:<module>:8 - division by zero
Traceback (most recent call last):

> File "new.py", line 6, in <module>
    a = 1/0

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

The best and minimal library for doing this is loguru, which shows an in-baked traceback and provides debug info:

import sys
from loguru import logger
logger.add(sys.stdout, level="TRACE")

try:
    a = 1/0
except Exception as err:
    logger.exception(str(err), backtrace=True, diagnose=True)

Outputs:

2023-08-09 10:46:53.669 | ERROR    | __main__:<module>:8 - division by zero
Traceback (most recent call last):

> File "new.py", line 6, in <module>
    a = 1/0

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
我早已燃尽 2024-10-27 04:00:07

我的方法是创建一个上下文管理器,用于记录和引发异常:

import logging
from contextlib import AbstractContextManager


class LogError(AbstractContextManager):

    def __init__(self, logger=None):
        self.logger = logger.name if isinstance(logger, logging.Logger) else logger

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        if exc_value is not None:
            logging.getLogger(self.logger).exception(exc_value)


with LogError():
    1/0

您可以将记录器名称或记录器实例传递给 LogError()。默认情况下,它将使用基本记录器(通过将 None 传递给logging.getLogger)。
人们还可以简单地添加一个开关来引发错误或只是记录错误。

My approach was to create a context manager, to log and raise Exceptions:

import logging
from contextlib import AbstractContextManager


class LogError(AbstractContextManager):

    def __init__(self, logger=None):
        self.logger = logger.name if isinstance(logger, logging.Logger) else logger

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        if exc_value is not None:
            logging.getLogger(self.logger).exception(exc_value)


with LogError():
    1/0

You can either pass a logger name or a logger instance to LogError(). By default it will use the base logger (by passing None to logging.getLogger).
One could also simply add a switch for raising the error or just logging it.

金兰素衣 2024-10-27 04:00:07

如果您可以处理额外的依赖关系,则使用twisted.log,您不必显式记录错误,并且它还会将整个回溯和时间返回到文件或流。

If you can cope with the extra dependency then use twisted.log, you don't have to explicitly log errors and also it returns the entire traceback and time to the file or stream.

回忆凄美了谁 2024-10-27 04:00:07

一种干净的方法是使用 format_exc() 然后解析输出以获取相关部分:

from traceback import format_exc

try:
    1/0
except Exception:
    print 'the relevant part is: '+format_exc().split('\n')[-2]

问候

A clean way to do it is using format_exc() and then parse the output to get the relevant part:

from traceback import format_exc

try:
    1/0
except Exception:
    print 'the relevant part is: '+format_exc().split('\n')[-2]

Regards

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