内置类型的性能:char、short、int、float、double
查看 Alexandre C 的回复 在另一个主题中,我很想知道内置类型是否有任何性能差异:
char
与short
与int
与float
与双
。
通常我们在现实生活项目中不会考虑这种性能差异(如果有的话),但出于教育目的我想知道这一点。可以问的一般问题是:
积分运算和浮点运算之间有性能差异吗?
哪个更快?速度更快的原因是什么?请解释一下。
Seeing Alexandre C's reply in the other topic, I'm curious to know that if there is any performance difference with the built-in types:
char
vsshort
vsint
vs.float
vs.double
.
Usually we don't consider such performance difference (if any) in our real life projects, but I would like to know this for educational purpose. The general questions can be asked is:
Is there any performance difference between integral arithmetics and floating-point arithmetic?
Which is faster? What is the reason for being faster? Please explain this.
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浮点与整数:
从历史上看,浮点可能比整数运算慢得多。在现代计算机上,情况已不再如此(在某些平台上速度会稍慢,但除非您编写完美的代码并针对每个周期进行优化,否则差异将被代码中的其他低效率问题所淹没)。
在一些有限的处理器上,例如高端手机中的处理器,浮点可能比整数慢一些,但只要有可用的硬件浮点,它通常在一个数量级内(或更好)。值得注意的是,随着手机被要求运行越来越多的通用计算工作负载,这种差距正在迅速缩小。
在非常有限的处理器(廉价手机和烤面包机)上,通常没有浮点硬件,因此需要在软件中模拟浮点运算。这很慢——比整数运算慢几个数量级。
正如我所说,人们期望他们的手机和其他设备的行为越来越像“真正的计算机”,硬件设计人员正在迅速增强 FPU 以满足这一需求。除非您追求每一个最后的周期,或者您正在为非常有限的 CPU 编写代码,这些 CPU 很少或没有浮点支持,否则性能差异对您来说并不重要。
不同大小的整数类型:
通常,CPU 在处理其本机字大小的整数时速度最快(对于 64 位系统有一些注意事项)。在现代 CPU 上,32 位操作通常比 8 位或 16 位操作更快,但不同架构之间的差异很大。另外,请记住,您不能孤立地考虑 CPU 的速度。它是一个复杂系统的一部分。即使对 16 位数字进行操作比对 32 位数字进行操作慢 2 倍,但当您使用 16 位数字而不是 32 位数字表示数据时,您可以在缓存层次结构中容纳两倍的数据。如果这使得所有数据都来自缓存而不是频繁缓存未命中,那么更快的内存访问将胜过 CPU 的更慢运行。
其他说明:
向量化进一步倾向于更窄的类型(
浮点
以及 8 位和 16 位整数)——您可以在向量中执行更多操作宽度相同。然而,好的矢量代码很难编写,因此如果不经过大量的仔细工作,您就无法获得这种好处。为什么会有性能差异?
影响CPU运算速度快与慢的因素其实只有两个:运算的电路复杂度和用户对运算速度的要求。
(在合理范围内)如果芯片设计者愿意投入足够的晶体管来解决问题,任何操作都可以快速完成。但晶体管需要花钱(或者更确切地说,使用大量晶体管会使芯片变得更大,这意味着每个晶圆上的芯片更少,产量也更低,这会花钱),因此芯片设计人员必须平衡哪些操作使用多少复杂性,以及他们根据(感知的)用户需求来做到这一点。粗略地说,您可能会考虑将操作分为四类:
高要求、低复杂性的操作在几乎任何 CPU 上都会很快:它们是唾手可得的果实,并为每个晶体管带来最大的用户利益。
高要求、高复杂性的操作在昂贵的 CPU(如计算机中使用的 CPU)上速度会很快,因为用户愿意为此付费。然而,您可能不愿意为烤面包机额外支付 3 美元来实现快速 FP 乘法,因此便宜的 CPU 会忽略这些指令。
低需求、高复杂性的操作在几乎所有处理器上通常都会很慢;只是没有足够的好处来证明成本的合理性。
如果有人费心去思考,低需求、低复杂性的操作将会很快,否则就不存在。
进一步阅读:
Float vs. integer:
Historically, floating-point could be much slower than integer arithmetic. On modern computers, this is no longer really the case (it is somewhat slower on some platforms, but unless you write perfect code and optimize for every cycle, the difference will be swamped by the other inefficiencies in your code).
On somewhat limited processors, like those in high-end cell phones, floating-point may be somewhat slower than integer, but it's generally within an order of magnitude (or better), so long as there is hardware floating-point available. It's worth noting that this gap is closing pretty rapidly as cell phones are called on to run more and more general computing workloads.
On very limited processors (cheap cell phones and your toaster), there is generally no floating-point hardware, so floating-point operations need to be emulated in software. This is slow -- a couple orders of magnitude slower than integer arithmetic.
As I said though, people are expecting their phones and other devices to behave more and more like "real computers", and hardware designers are rapidly beefing up FPUs to meet that demand. Unless you're chasing every last cycle, or you're writing code for very limited CPUs that have little or no floating-point support, the performance distinction doesn't matter to you.
Different size integer types:
Typically, CPUs are fastest at operating on integers of their native word size (with some caveats about 64-bit systems). 32 bit operations are often faster than 8- or 16- bit operations on modern CPUs, but this varies quite a bit between architectures. Also, remember that you can't consider the speed of a CPU in isolation; it's part of a complex system. Even if operating on 16-bit numbers is 2x slower than operating on 32-bit numbers, you can fit twice as much data into the cache hierarchy when you represent it with 16-bit numbers instead of 32-bits. If that makes the difference between having all your data come from cache instead of taking frequent cache misses, then the faster memory access will trump the slower operation of the CPU.
Other notes:
Vectorization tips the balance further in favor of narrower types (
float
and 8- and 16-bit integers) -- you can do more operations in a vector of the same width. However, good vector code is hard to write, so it's not as though you get this benefit without a lot of careful work.Why are there performance differences?
There are really only two factors that effect whether or not an operation is fast on a CPU: the circuit complexity of the operation, and user demand for the operation to be fast.
(Within reason) any operation can be made fast, if the chip designers are willing to throw enough transistors at the problem. But transistors cost money (or rather, using lots of transistors makes your chip larger, which means you get fewer chips per wafer and lower yields, which costs money), so chip designers have to balance how much complexity to use for which operations, and they do this based on (perceived) user demand. Roughly, you might think of breaking operations into four categories:
high-demand, low-complexity operations will be fast on nearly any CPU: they're the low-hanging fruit, and confer maximum user benefit per transistor.
high-demand, high-complexity operations will be fast on expensive CPUs (like those used in computers), because users are willing to pay for them. You're probably not willing to pay an extra $3 for your toaster to have a fast FP multiply, however, so cheap CPUs will skimp on these instructions.
low-demand, high-complexity operations will generally be slow on nearly all processors; there just isn't enough benefit to justify the cost.
low-demand, low-complexity operations will be fast if someone bothers to think about them, and non-existent otherwise.
Further reading:
绝对地。
首先,当然,这完全取决于所讨论的 CPU 架构。
然而,整型和浮点类型的处理方式非常不同,因此几乎总是这样:
在某些 CPU 上,双精度数可能比浮点数慢得多。在某些架构上,没有用于双精度的专用硬件,因此它们是通过传递两个浮点大小的块来处理的,这会给您带来更差的吞吐量和两倍的延迟。在其他系统上(例如 x86 FPU),两种类型都转换为相同的内部格式 80 位浮点(对于 x86),因此性能相同。在其他情况下,float 和 double 都有适当的硬件支持,但由于 float 的位数较少,因此可以更快地完成,通常相对于 double 操作会稍微减少延迟。
免责声明:所有提到的时间和特征都只是从记忆中提取的。我没有查过,所以可能是错误的。 ;)
对于不同的整数类型,答案因 CPU 架构而异。 x86 架构由于其漫长而复杂的历史,必须原生支持 8、16、32(以及今天的 64)位操作,并且一般来说,它们都同样快(它们使用基本相同的硬件,只是零根据需要取出高位)。
然而,在其他 CPU 上,小于 int 的数据类型的加载/存储成本可能更高(将字节写入内存可能必须通过加载其所在的整个 32 位字来完成,然后进行位掩码以更新寄存器中的单个字节,然后将整个字写回)。同样,对于大于 int 的数据类型,某些 CPU 可能必须将操作分成两部分,分别加载/存储/计算下半部分和上半部分。
但在 x86 上,答案是这并不重要。由于历史原因,CPU 需要对每种数据类型都有相当强大的支持。因此,您可能注意到的唯一区别是浮点运算有更多的延迟(但吞吐量相似,因此它们本身并不慢,至少如果您正确编写代码的话)
Absolutely.
First, of course, it depends entirely on the CPU architecture in question.
However, integral and floating-point types are handled very differently, so the following is nearly always the case:
On some CPUs, doubles may be significantly slower than floats. On some architectures, there is no dedicated hardware for doubles, and so they are handled by passing two float-sized chunks through, giving you a worse throughput and twice the latency. On others (the x86 FPU, for example), both types are converted to the same internal format 80-bit floating point, in the case of x86), so performance is identical. On yet others, both float and double have proper hardware support, but because float has fewer bits, it can be done a bit faster, typically reducing the latency a bit relative to double operations.
Disclaimer: all the mentioned timings and characteristics are just pulled from memory. I didn't look any of it up, so it may be wrong. ;)
For different integer types, the answer varies wildly depending on CPU architecture. The x86 architecture, due to its long convoluted history, has to support both 8, 16, 32 (and today 64) bit operations natively, and in general, they're all equally fast ( they use basically the same hardware, and just zero out the upper bits as needed).
However, on other CPUs, datatypes smaller than an
int
may be more costly to load/store (writing a byte to memory might have to be done by loading the entire 32-bit word it is located in, and then do bit masking to update the single byte in a register, and then write the whole word back). Likewise, for datatypes larger thanint
, some CPUs may have to split the operation into two, loading/storing/computing the lower and upper halves separately.But on x86, the answer is that it mostly doesn't matter. For historical reasons, the CPU is required to have pretty robust support for each and every data type. So the only difference you're likely to notice is that floating-point ops have more latency (but similar throughput, so they're not slower per se, at least if you write your code correctly)
我认为没有人提到整数提升规则。在标准 C/C++ 中,不能对小于
int
的类型执行任何操作。如果 char 或 Short 在当前平台上恰好小于 int,它们会被隐式提升为 int (这是错误的主要来源)。编译器需要执行这种隐式升级,在不违反标准的情况下没有办法绕过它。整数提升意味着语言中的任何操作(加法、按位、逻辑等)不能发生在比 int 更小的整数类型上。因此,对 char/short/int 的操作通常同样快,因为前者被提升为后者。
除了整数提升之外,还有“通常的算术转换”,这意味着 C 努力使两个操作数具有相同的类型,如果它们不同,则将其中之一转换为两者中较大的一个。
然而,CPU 可以在 8、16、32 等级别执行各种加载/存储操作。在 8 位和 16 位架构上,这通常意味着尽管有整数提升,8 位和 16 位类型的速度更快。在 32 位 CPU 上,这实际上可能意味着较小的类型较慢,因为它希望将所有内容整齐地排列在 32 位块中。 32 位编译器通常会优化速度并在比指定的更大的空间中分配更小的整数类型。
虽然通常较小的整数类型当然比较大的整数类型占用更少的空间,所以如果您打算优化 RAM 大小,那么它们是首选。
I don't think anyone mentioned the integer promotion rules. In standard C/C++, no operation can be performed on a type smaller than
int
. If char or short happen to be smaller than int on the current platform, they are implicitly promoted to int (which is a major source of bugs). The complier is required to do this implicit promotion, there's no way around it without violating the standard.The integer promotions mean that no operation (addition, bitwise, logical etc etc) in the language can occur on a smaller integer type than int. Thus, operations on char/short/int are generally equally fast, as the former ones are promoted to the latter.
And on top of the integer promotions, there's the "usual arithmetic conversions", meaning that C strives to make both operands the same type, converting one of them to the larger of the two, should they be different.
However, the CPU can perform various load/store operations on 8, 16, 32 etc level. On 8- and 16 bit architectures, this often means that 8 and 16 bit types are faster despite the integer promotions. On a 32 bit CPU it might actually mean that the smaller types are slower, because it wants to have everything neatly aligned in 32-bit chunks. 32 bit compilers typically optimize for speed and allocate smaller integer types in larger space than specified.
Though generally the smaller integer types of course take less space than the larger ones, so if you intend to optimize for RAM size, they are to prefer.
上面的第一个答案很棒,我将其中的一小部分复制到下面的副本中(因为这是我首先结束的地方)。
“char”和“small int”比“int”慢吗?< /a>
我想提供以下代码,用于配置分配、初始化并对各种整数大小进行一些算术:
我在 i7 4790k 上的 MSVC 中的结果:
初始化 &设置 1100100 8 位整数花费:444us
将 5 加到 1100100 个 8 位整数花费:358us
初始化和初始化设置 1100100 16 位整数花费:666us
将 5 加到 1100100 个 16 位整数花费:359us
初始化和初始化设置 1100100 32 位整数花费:870us
将 5 加到 1100100 个 32 位整数花费:276us
初始化和初始化设置 1100100 64 位整数花费:2201us
将 5 加到 1100100 64 位整数花费:659us
The first answer above is great and I copied a small block of it across to the following duplicate (as this is where I ended up first).
Are "char" and "small int" slower than "int"?
I'd like to offer the following code which profiles allocating, initializing and doing some arithmetic on the various integer sizes:
My results in MSVC on i7 4790k:
Initialise & Set 1100100 8 bit integers took: 444us
Add 5 to 1100100 8 bit integers took: 358us
Initialise & Set 1100100 16 bit integers took: 666us
Add 5 to 1100100 16 bit integers took: 359us
Initialise & Set 1100100 32 bit integers took: 870us
Add 5 to 1100100 32 bit integers took: 276us
Initialise & Set 1100100 64 bit integers took: 2201us
Add 5 to 1100100 64 bit integers took: 659us
是的。然而,这在很大程度上是特定于平台和 CPU 的。不同的平台可以以不同的速度进行不同的算术运算。
话虽这么说,所讨论的答复有点更具体。
pow()
是一个处理双精度值的通用例程。通过向其提供整数值,它仍然可以完成处理非整数指数所需的所有工作。使用直接乘法可以绕过很多复杂性,这就是速度发挥作用的地方。这实际上不是不同类型的问题(这么多),而是绕过使用任何指数创建 pow 函数所需的大量复杂代码。Yes. However, this is very much platform and CPU specific. Different platforms can do different arithmetic operations at different speeds.
That being said, the reply in question was a bit more specific.
pow()
is a general purpose routine that works on double values. By feeding it integer values, it's still doing all of the work that would be required to handle non-integer exponents. Using direct multiplication bypasses a lot of the complexity, which is where the speed comes into play. This is really not an issue (so much) of different types, but rather of bypassing a large amount of complex code required to make pow function with any exponent.一般来说,整数数学比浮点数学更快。这是因为整数数学涉及更简单的计算。然而,在大多数操作中,我们谈论的时钟不到十几个。不是毫、微米、纳或刻度;时钟。在现代内核中每秒发生 2-30 亿次。此外,由于 486,许多内核都有一组浮点处理单元或 FPU,它们通过硬连线来有效地执行浮点运算,并且通常与 CPU 并行。
因此,尽管从技术上讲它速度较慢,但浮点计算仍然如此之快,以至于任何对差异进行计时的尝试都会在计时机制和线程调度中产生比执行计算实际所需的更多的固有错误。可以的时候使用整数,不能的时候要理解,并且不要太担心相对计算速度。
Generally, integer math is faster than floating-point math. This is because integer math involves simpler computations. However, in most operations we're talking about less than a dozen clocks. Not millis, micros, nanos, or ticks; clocks. The ones that happen between 2-3 billion times per second in modern cores. Also, since the 486 a lot of cores have a set of Floating-point Processing Units or FPUs, which are hard-wired to perform floating-point arithmetic efficiently, and often in parallel with the CPU.
As a result of these, though technically it's slower, floating-point calculations are still so fast that any attempt to time the difference would have more error inherent in the timing mechanism and thread scheduling than it actually takes to perform the calculation. Use ints when you can, but understand when you can't, and don't worry too much about relative calculation speed.
取决于处理器和平台的组成。
由于必须在协处理器之间传输值,因此具有浮点协处理器的平台可能比积分运算慢。
如果浮点处理位于处理器的核心内,则执行时间可以忽略不计。
如果通过软件模拟浮点计算,那么积分运算会更快。
如有疑问,请查看个人资料。
在优化之前让编程正确且稳健地工作。
Depends on the composition of the processor and platform.
Platforms that have a floating point coprocessor may be slower than integral arithmetic due to the fact that values have to be transferred to and from the coprocessor.
If floating point processing is within the core of the processor, the execution time may be negligible.
If the floating point calculations are emulated by software, then integral arithmetic will be faster.
When in doubt, profile.
Get the programming working correctly and robust before optimizing.
不,不是真的。这当然取决于 CPU 和编译器,但性能差异通常可以忽略不计——如果有的话。
No, not really. This of course depends on CPU and compiler, but the performance difference is typically negligible- if there even is any.
浮点数和整数运算之间肯定存在差异。根据 CPU 的特定硬件和微指令,您可以获得不同的性能和/或精度。准确描述的良好谷歌术语(我也不确切知道):
关于整数的大小,最好使用平台/架构字大小(或两倍),在 x86 和 int64_t 上它归结为
int32_t
在 x86_64 上。有些处理器可能具有同时处理其中多个值的内在指令(例如 SSE(浮点)和 MMX),这将加快并行加法或乘法的速度。There is certainly a difference between floating point and integer arithmetic. Depending on the CPU's specific hardware and micro-instructions, you get different performance and/or precision. Good google terms for the precise descriptions (I don't know exactly either):
With regards to the size of the integers, it is best to use the platform/architecture word size (or double that), which comes down to an
int32_t
on x86 andint64_t
on x86_64. SOme processors might have intrinsic instructions that handle several of these values at once (like SSE (floating point) and MMX), which will speed up parallel additions or multiplications.