在没有运行 X 服务器的情况下生成 matplotlib 图形

发布于 2024-10-16 12:47:06 字数 1088 浏览 1 评论 0原文

Matplotlib 似乎需要 $DISPLAY 环境变量，这意味着正在运行的 X 服务器。
某些 Web 托管服务不允许正在运行的 X 服务器会话。
有没有办法在没有正在运行的 X 服务器的情况下使用 matplotlib 生成图形？

[username@hostname ~]$ python2.6
Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Nov 23 2010, 02:02:03)
[GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig = plt.figure()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/home/username/lib/python2.6/matplotlib-1.0.1-py2.6-linux-i686.egg/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 270, in figure
    **kwargs)
  File "/home/username/lib/python2.6/matplotlib-1.0.1-py2.6-linux-i686.egg/matplotlib/backends/backend_tkagg.py", line 80, in new_figure_manager
    window = Tk.Tk()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1643, in __init__
    self.tk = _tkinter.create(screenName, baseName, className, interactive, wantobjects, useTk, sync, use)
_tkinter.TclError: no display name and no $DISPLAY environment variable
>>>

原文

Matplotlib seems to require the $DISPLAY environment variable which means a running X server.
Some web hosting services do not allow a running X server session.
Is there a way to generate graphs using matplotlib without a running X server?

[username@hostname ~]$ python2.6
Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Nov 23 2010, 02:02:03)
[GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig = plt.figure()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/home/username/lib/python2.6/matplotlib-1.0.1-py2.6-linux-i686.egg/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 270, in figure
    **kwargs)
  File "/home/username/lib/python2.6/matplotlib-1.0.1-py2.6-linux-i686.egg/matplotlib/backends/backend_tkagg.py", line 80, in new_figure_manager
    window = Tk.Tk()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1643, in __init__
    self.tk = _tkinter.create(screenName, baseName, className, interactive, wantobjects, useTk, sync, use)
_tkinter.TclError: no display name and no $DISPLAY environment variable
>>>

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倾｀听者〃 2024-10-23 12:47:06

@Neil的答案是一种（完全有效！）的方法，但您也可以只需在导入 matplotlib.pyplot 之前调用 matplotlib.use('Agg')，并且然后照常继续。

例如，

import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.use('Agg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.plot(range(10))
fig.savefig('temp.png')

您也不必使用 Agg 后端。 pdf、ps、svg、agg、cairo 和 gdk 后端都可以在没有 X 服务器的情况下使用。但是，默认情况下只会构建 Agg 后端（我认为？），因此很有可能在您的特定安装上可能未启用其他后端。

或者，您可以在 .matplotlibrc 文件自动让 matplotlib.pyplot 使用给定的渲染器。

@Neil's answer is one (perfectly valid!) way of doing it, but you can also simply call matplotlib.use('Agg') before importing matplotlib.pyplot, and then continue as normal.

E.g.

import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.use('Agg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.plot(range(10))
fig.savefig('temp.png')

You don't have to use the Agg backend, as well. The pdf, ps, svg, agg, cairo, and gdk backends can all be used without an X-server. However, only the Agg backend will be built by default (I think?), so there's a good chance that the other backends may not be enabled on your particular install.

Alternately, you can just set the backend parameter in your .matplotlibrc file to automatically have matplotlib.pyplot use the given renderer.

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