long double sqrt() 的准确性
我注意到 sqrt() 的长双精度版本的准确性存在问题。下面的代码演示了这个问题。
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <cfloat>
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
int count=0;
long double s=sqrt(3L);
std::cout.precision(21);
std::cout << "s=" << s << ", s^2=" << s*s << std::endl;
while( s*s<3L+LDBL_EPSILON ) {
s+=LDBL_EPSILON;
std::cout << s << ' ' << s*s << std::endl;
++count;
}
std::cout << "sqrt(3L) is approximately " << count << " multiples of LDBL_EPSILON away from the correct value." << std::endl;
return 0;
}
编译并运行它
>g++ -o sqrt sqrt.cpp && ./sqrt
给出
s=1.73205080756887719318, s^2=2.9999999999999996524
1.73205080756887719329 2.99999999999999965284
1.73205080756887719339 2.99999999999999965306
... (922 lines omitted)
1.73205080756887729347 2.99999999999999999978
1.73205080756887729357 3.00000000000000000022
sqrt(3L) is approximately 926 multiples of LDBL_EPSILON away from the correct value.
sqrt() 的常规双精度版本给出最接近实际值的双精度值。
我正在使用的 g++ 版本是
>g++ -v
Using built-in specs.
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Debian 4.4.5-8' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.4/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --program-suffix=-4.4 --enable-shared --enable-multiarch --enable-linker-build-id --with-system-zlib --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --with-gxx-include-dir=/usr/include/c++/4.4 --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-objc-gc --with-arch-32=i586 --with-tune=generic --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.4.5 (Debian 4.4.5-8)
这是一个已知的错误吗?我应该在某处报告此事吗?
I have noticed a problem with the accuracy of the long double version of sqrt(). The following code demonstrates the problem.
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <cfloat>
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
int count=0;
long double s=sqrt(3L);
std::cout.precision(21);
std::cout << "s=" << s << ", s^2=" << s*s << std::endl;
while( s*s<3L+LDBL_EPSILON ) {
s+=LDBL_EPSILON;
std::cout << s << ' ' << s*s << std::endl;
++count;
}
std::cout << "sqrt(3L) is approximately " << count << " multiples of LDBL_EPSILON away from the correct value." << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Compiling and running this with
>g++ -o sqrt sqrt.cpp && ./sqrt
gives
s=1.73205080756887719318, s^2=2.9999999999999996524
1.73205080756887719329 2.99999999999999965284
1.73205080756887719339 2.99999999999999965306
... (922 lines omitted)
1.73205080756887729347 2.99999999999999999978
1.73205080756887729357 3.00000000000000000022
sqrt(3L) is approximately 926 multiples of LDBL_EPSILON away from the correct value.
The regular double version of sqrt() gives the double closest to the real value.
The version of g++ I'm using is
>g++ -v
Using built-in specs.
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Debian 4.4.5-8' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.4/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --program-suffix=-4.4 --enable-shared --enable-multiarch --enable-linker-build-id --with-system-zlib --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --with-gxx-include-dir=/usr/include/c++/4.4 --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-objc-gc --with-arch-32=i586 --with-tune=generic --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.4.5 (Debian 4.4.5-8)
Is this a known bug? Should I report this somewhere?
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这里有两个问题:首先,
3L
隐式提升为double
而不是long double
,所以即使您将返回值分配给long double
它仍然使用sqrt
的低精度版本。您需要将static_cast
3 转换为long double
作为参数。其次,只有sqrt
的double
版本被导入到全局命名空间中,因为 C 中不支持函数重载,您必须使用std::sqrt< /代码> 相反。
因此:
long double s=std::sqrt(static_cast(3));
You have two issues here: First,
3L
implicitly promotes todouble
notlong double
so even though you assign the return value to along double
it's still using the low precision version ofsqrt
. You'll need tostatic_cast
3 tolong double
as the argument. Secondly, only thedouble
version ofsqrt
is imported into the global namespace because function overloading isn't supported in C, you have to usestd::sqrt
instead.Thus:
long double s=std::sqrt(static_cast<long double>(3));
double sqrt() 的“常规”版本中的值是否比 long double 经历了更大的舍入粒度?这是我们所期望的。这种“粒度”舍入可能恰好接近正确值 - 比长双开方更接近。
检查这一点的方法是尝试多个值并进行比较。
Is the value from the 'regular' version of double sqrt() experiencing a greater granularity of rounding than the long double? This is what we would expect. It could be that this 'granular' rounding happens to be hitting close to the correct value - closer than the long double sqrt.
The way to check this would be to try multiple values and compare.