以有效的方式找到最近点
我在 2d 平面上有一个点,例如 (x0,y0) 和一组 n 点 (x1,y1)...(xn,yn),我想在 a 中找到距离 (x0,y0) 最近的点比尝试所有要点要好得多。有什么解决办法吗?
我还应该说我的观点是这样排序的:
bool less(point a,point b){
if(a.x!=b.x)
return a.x<b.x;
else
return a.y<b.y;
}
I've got a point in 2d plane for example (x0,y0) and a set of n points (x1,y1)...(xn,yn) and I want to find nearest point to (x0,y0) in a way better than trying all points. Any solutions?
I should also say that my points are sorted in this way:
bool less(point a,point b){
if(a.x!=b.x)
return a.x<b.x;
else
return a.y<b.y;
}
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使用四叉树进行 2D
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadtree
Use a quad-tree for 2D
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadtree
Voronoi 图 专为快速查找最近点而设计。尽管实现起来很痛苦,但您可能会找到一些现有的库/实现。
还可以选择将平面重复划分为正方形,从而构建某种树,其中每个非叶节点有 4 个子节点(右上角正方形、右下正方形等)。然后,在四个方格中找到你的点所在的方格,并递归地继续下去。通常,这会产生足够接近的点,因此您可以消除检查其他方块的需要。
但很容易为该策略创建一个“反例”,这将导致线性时间。
但是您无法对已排序的数组执行太多操作来加快该过程。您将需要一个特殊的数据结构。
编辑
第二个结构称为四叉树,感谢VGE提供了这个名称。
Voronoi diagram is designed specifically for finding nearest point very fast. Although it's quite a pain to implement, you might find some existing library/implementation.
There's also an option to of repeatedly dividing plane in squares, thus building some kind of tree where each non-leaf node has 4 children (top-right square, bottom-right square, etc.). Then, of four squares you find the one your point is in and proceed with it recursively. Often this yields point close enough, so you may eliminate the need to check other squares.
But it's easy to create a 'counter-example' for this strategy which will result in linear time.
But there's not much you can do with your sorted array to speed up the process. You'll need a special data structure.
edit
Second structure is called Quadtree, thanks to VGE for providing the name.
为了高效的最近邻搜索,您需要使用空间分区方案,例如 kd-树。
For efficient nearest neighbour search you need to use a spatial partitioning scheme, for example a kd-tree.
如果您不使用任何类型的树数据结构来帮助限制必须查询的值的范围,则您将必须检查潜在“邻居”范围中的每个点。限制比较的一种方法是检查距给定点的平方距离的最小值:
If you aren't using any sort of tree data structure to help limit the range of values you have to query, you are going to have to check each point in your range of potential "neighbors". One way to limit the comparisons would be to check the squared distance from your given point for the smallest value:
如果您要创建 N 个点的集合,那么您可以根据它们与所考虑的点的线性距离对它们进行散列和映射,而不是仅仅将它们推入集合中。因此具有相同线性距离的点将位于同一个桶中。然后根据距离获取点将是一个恒定时间的操作。
If you are creating the set of N points then instead of just pushing them into a set, you can hash and map them based on their linear distance from the point under consideration . So points with same linear distance will be in the same bucket. Then fetching the point(s) based on distance will be a constant time operation.
一个特别好的解决方案是 ANN:用于近似最近邻搜索的库。 我'我们用它来进行三角测量中的点定位。您用点初始化数据结构,在我的例子中,我使用三角形的中心点。然后您可以传入另一个点并返回近似最近邻点的列表。甚至返回的点数也可以作为参数进行选择。不管怎样,对于我的目的来说,ANN 是一个很棒的图书馆,我建议你去看看。
祝你好运!
A particularly nice solution is ANN: A Library for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Searching. I've used it for point location in triangulations. You initialize a data structure with points, in my case I used the center points of my triangles. Then you can pass in another point and get back list of the approximate closest neighbour points. Even the number of points returned is selectable as a parameter. Anyway ANN was a great library for my purposes, I'd suggest you check it out.
Good luck!