Haskell 中实例化类型变量

发布于 2024-10-08 10:12:46 字数 945 浏览 0 评论 0原文

编辑:已解决。我不知道在源文件中启用语言扩展并没有在 GHCi 中启用语言扩展。解决方案是在 GHCi 中 :setFlexibleContexts


我最近发现 Haskell 中的类和实例中的类型声明是 Horn 子句。因此,我将《Prolog 的艺术》第 3 章中的算术运算编码为 Haskell。例如:

fac(0,s(0)).
fac(s(N),F) :- fac(N,X), mult(s(N),X,F).

class Fac x y | x -> y
instance Fac Z (S Z)
instance (Fac n x, Mult (S n) x f) => Fac (S n) f

pow(s(X),0,0) :- nat(X).
pow(0,s(X),s(0)) :- nat(X).
pow(s(N),X,Y) :- pow(N,X,Z), mult(Z,X,Y).

class Pow x y z | x y -> z
instance (N n) => Pow (S n) Z Z
instance (N n) => Pow Z (S n) (S Z)
instance (Pow n x z, Mult z x y) => Pow (S n) x y

在 Prolog 中,值被实例化为证明中的(逻辑)变量。但是,我不明白如何在 Haskell 中实例化类型变量。也就是说,我不明白 Prolog 查询的 Haskell 等价物

?-f(X1,X2,...,Xn)

是什么。我认为这

:t undefined :: (f x1 x2 ... xn) => xi

会导致 Haskell 实例化 xi,但这会给出一个约束中的非类型变量参数错误,即使启用了 FlexibleContexts 也是如此。

EDIT: Solved. I was unware that enabling a language extension in the source file did not enable the language extension in GHCi. The solution was to :set FlexibleContexts in GHCi.


I recently discovered that type declarations in classes and instances in Haskell are Horn clauses. So I encoded the arithmetic operations from The Art of Prolog, Chapter 3, into Haskell. For instance:

fac(0,s(0)).
fac(s(N),F) :- fac(N,X), mult(s(N),X,F).

class Fac x y | x -> y
instance Fac Z (S Z)
instance (Fac n x, Mult (S n) x f) => Fac (S n) f

pow(s(X),0,0) :- nat(X).
pow(0,s(X),s(0)) :- nat(X).
pow(s(N),X,Y) :- pow(N,X,Z), mult(Z,X,Y).

class Pow x y z | x y -> z
instance (N n) => Pow (S n) Z Z
instance (N n) => Pow Z (S n) (S Z)
instance (Pow n x z, Mult z x y) => Pow (S n) x y

In Prolog, values are instantiated for (logic) variable in a proof. However, I don't understand how to instantiate type variables in Haskell. That is, I don't understand what the Haskell equivalent of a Prolog query

?-f(X1,X2,...,Xn)

is. I assume that

:t undefined :: (f x1 x2 ... xn) => xi

would cause Haskell to instantiate xi, but this gives a Non type-variable argument in the constraint error, even with FlexibleContexts enabled.

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英雄似剑 2024-10-15 10:12:46

不确定 Prolog 示例,但我会通过以下方式在 Haskell 中定义它:

{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, EmptyDataDecls, FlexibleInstances,
FlexibleContexts, UndecidableInstances, TypeFamilies, ScopedTypeVariables #-}

data Z
data S a
type One = S Z
type Two = S One
type Three = S Two
type Four = S Three 


class Plus x y r
instance (r ~ a) => Plus Z a r
instance (Plus a b p, r ~ S p) => Plus (S a) b r

p1 = undefined :: (Plus Two Three r) => r


class Mult x y r
instance (r ~ Z) => Mult Z a r
instance (Mult a b m, Plus m b r) => Mult (S a) b r

m1 = undefined :: (Mult Two Four r) => r


class Fac x r
instance (r ~ One) => Fac Z r
instance (Fac n r1, Mult (S n) r1 r) => Fac (S n) r

f1 = undefined :: (Fac Three r) => r


class Pow x y r
instance (r ~ One) => Pow x Z r
instance (r ~ Z) => Pow Z y r
instance (Pow x y z, Mult z x r) => Pow x (S y) r

pw1 = undefined :: (Pow Two Four r) => r

-- Handy output
class (Num n) => ToNum a n where
    toNum :: a -> n
instance (Num n) => ToNum Z n where
    toNum _ = 0
instance (ToNum a n) => ToNum (S a) n where
    toNum _ = 1 + toNum (undefined :: a) 

main = print $ (toNum p1, toNum m1, toNum f1, toNum pw1)

更新:

正如 danportin 在 TypeFamilies 下面的评论中指出的那样,这里不需要“惰性模式”(在实例上下文中)(他的初始代码更短且更清晰)。

不过,这种模式的一个应用,我在这个问题的上下文中可以想到的是:假设我们想将布尔逻辑添加到我们的类型级算术中:

data HTrue
data HFalse

-- Will not compile
class And x y r | x y -> r
instance And HTrue HTrue HTrue
instance And a b HFalse -- we do not what to enumerate all the combination here - they all HFalse

但是由于“函数依赖项冲突”,这不会编译。
在我看来,我们仍然可以在没有fundeps的情况下表达这种重叠的情况:

class And x y r
instance (r ~ HTrue) => And HTrue HTrue r
instance (r ~ HFalse) => And a b r

b1 = undefined :: And HTrue HTrue r => r   -- HTrue
b2 = undefined :: And HTrue HFalse r => r  -- HFalse

这绝对不是最好的方式(它需要IncoherentInstances)。所以也许有人可以建议另一种“创伤较小”的方法。

No sure about Prolog samples, but I would define this in Haskell in the following way:

{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, EmptyDataDecls, FlexibleInstances,
FlexibleContexts, UndecidableInstances, TypeFamilies, ScopedTypeVariables #-}

data Z
data S a
type One = S Z
type Two = S One
type Three = S Two
type Four = S Three 


class Plus x y r
instance (r ~ a) => Plus Z a r
instance (Plus a b p, r ~ S p) => Plus (S a) b r

p1 = undefined :: (Plus Two Three r) => r


class Mult x y r
instance (r ~ Z) => Mult Z a r
instance (Mult a b m, Plus m b r) => Mult (S a) b r

m1 = undefined :: (Mult Two Four r) => r


class Fac x r
instance (r ~ One) => Fac Z r
instance (Fac n r1, Mult (S n) r1 r) => Fac (S n) r

f1 = undefined :: (Fac Three r) => r


class Pow x y r
instance (r ~ One) => Pow x Z r
instance (r ~ Z) => Pow Z y r
instance (Pow x y z, Mult z x r) => Pow x (S y) r

pw1 = undefined :: (Pow Two Four r) => r

-- Handy output
class (Num n) => ToNum a n where
    toNum :: a -> n
instance (Num n) => ToNum Z n where
    toNum _ = 0
instance (ToNum a n) => ToNum (S a) n where
    toNum _ = 1 + toNum (undefined :: a) 

main = print $ (toNum p1, toNum m1, toNum f1, toNum pw1)

Update:

As danportin noted in his comment below TypeFamilies "Lazy pattern" (in instance context) is not needed here (his initial code is shorter and much cleaner).

One application of this pattern though, which I can think of in the context of this question is this: Say we want to add Boolean logic to our type-level arithmetic:

data HTrue
data HFalse

-- Will not compile
class And x y r | x y -> r
instance And HTrue HTrue HTrue
instance And a b HFalse -- we do not what to enumerate all the combination here - they all HFalse

But this will not compile due to "Functional dependencies conflict".
And it looks to me that we still can express this overlapping case without fundeps:

class And x y r
instance (r ~ HTrue) => And HTrue HTrue r
instance (r ~ HFalse) => And a b r

b1 = undefined :: And HTrue HTrue r => r   -- HTrue
b2 = undefined :: And HTrue HFalse r => r  -- HFalse

It's definitely not a nicest way (it requires IncoherentInstances). So maybe somebody can suggest another, less 'traumatic' approach.

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