在 F# 中模拟 Prolog 回溯

发布于 2024-10-08 08:35:39 字数 1627 浏览 0 评论 0原文

我目前正在参与一个项目,开发一个应用程序,该应用程序能够考虑一组节点和连接,并找到两个节点(在允许的连接上)之间的最短路径(一个常见且众所周知的问题)。好吧,我实际上不必从零开始构建应用程序,而只需要“转换”f# 中的 Prolog 预先存在的应用程序。 我想我对此有所了解,最后问自己一个问题:“我可以创建一个能够接受 Prolog 等事实并使用它们进行查询或其他操作的程序,而不是开发一种特殊用途的解决方案并实现专门与该问题相关的新算法相似的?”。

通过这样做,我将创建一组事实(就像在 Prolog 中一样),然后使用它们进行查询。 因此,现在考虑这个新问题(在 F# 中转换 Prolog),我需要找到一种方法来创建如下事实:

myfact1(el1, el2,..., eln).
myfact2(el1, el2,..., elm).
...
myfactk(el1, el2,..., elp).

使用类似语法的内容:

fact factname1: el1 el2 ... eln;
fact factname2: el1 el2 ... elm;
...
fact factnamek: el1 el2 ... elp;

我知道 F# 非常适合解析,所以我认为解析它会可能不是问题。

好的!现在它已经被解析了,我应该定义一个算法,在解析代码时,将所有事实存储在某种知识中(只不过是一个表)。为了建立所有需要的关联。

例如,解决方案可能是考虑所有关联的哈希表

factname1 -> el1
factname1 -> el2
...
factname1 -> eln
factname2 -> el1
factnale2 -> el2
...
factname2 -> elm
factname3 -> el1
...
...
factnamek -> el1
factnamek -> el2
...
factnamek -> elp

通过这样做,我将始终能够解决查询。 例如,考虑以下 Prolog 事实

mother(A, B) % This means that A is mother of B
mother(C, D)

在 F# 中,我创建

事实母:AB; 事实母亲:CD;

我的哈希表是:

mother ->一个 |乙 妈妈-> C | D

第一个列是事实名称,第二个列是值(这里是一个元组)。

如果我想搜索:“B的母亲是谁”-->我寻找母亲,寻找价值,我找到B,我在元组中查找并发现A!

嗯,看起来很有效。 但事实很容易实现。规则呢? 例如规则父级:

parents(A, B, C) :- mother(A, C), father (B, C)

在 F# 中使用我的语法?好吧,我想到了这个想法:

rule parents: A, B, C => mother A C and father B C

当我的解析器遇到规则时,它应该做什么?我想像我一样在表中创建某种记录,并且稍后能够进行查询以指定主题并获取其父母或指定父亲并获取所有儿子等等...... 你会怎么办?

I am currently involved in a project to develop an application able to consider a set of nodes and connections and find the shortest path (a common and well-known issue) between two nodes (on allowed connections). Well I don't really have to build an application from zero, but just need to "convert" a Prolog pre-existing application in f#.
I thought I bit about it and finally asked myself one question: "Instead of developing a special purpose solution and implementing new algorithms specifically binded to this problem, can I create a program able to accept facts like Prolog and use them to make queries or something similar?".

By doing so I would create a set of facts (like in Prolog) and then use them to make queries.
So, considering now this new issue (converting Prolog in F#) I need to find a way to create facts like these:

myfact1(el1, el2,..., eln).
myfact2(el1, el2,..., elm).
...
myfactk(el1, el2,..., elp).

to something in a similar syntax like:

fact factname1: el1 el2 ... eln;
fact factname2: el1 el2 ... elm;
...
fact factnamek: el1 el2 ... elp;

I know that F# is very well for parsing, so I think that parsing this would probably not be a problem.

OK! Now that it is parsed, I should define an algorithm that, while parsing the code, stores all facts in some sort of knowledge (nothing more than a table). In order to make then all needed associations.

For example a solution might be a hashtable that considers all associations

factname1 -> el1
factname1 -> el2
...
factname1 -> eln
factname2 -> el1
factnale2 -> el2
...
factname2 -> elm
factname3 -> el1
...
...
factnamek -> el1
factnamek -> el2
...
factnamek -> elp

By doing so I will always be able to solve queries.
For example consider the following Prolog fact

mother(A, B) % This means that A is mother of B
mother(C, D)

In F# I create

fact mother: A B;
fact mother: C D;

My hashtable is:

mother -> A | B
mother -> C | D

The first col is the fact name and the second is the value (here a tuple).

If I want to search: "who is the mother of B" --> I search for mother, and look for value, I find B, I look in the tuple and discover A!

Well it seems working.
But facts are easy to implement. What about rules?
For example rule parents:

parents(A, B, C) :- mother(A, C), father (B, C)

In F# using my syntax? Well I came up with this idea:

rule parents: A, B, C => mother A C and father B C

When my parser encounters a rule, what should it do? I would like to create some sort of record in a table like I did and be able, later, to make queries in order to specify a subject and get its parents or specify a father and get all sons and so on...
What would you do?

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评论(3

养猫人 2024-10-15 08:35:39

最近有关于将类似 Prolog 的程序集成到 F# 中的类似的问题

F# 没有任何内置支持执行基于回溯的搜索(如 Prolog)。您基本上有两个选择:

  • 自己使用递归和编码回溯在 F# 中重新实现算法。
  • 实现 Prolog 解释器并使用一些可区分的联合来表示事实。

为了实现最短路径搜索,我可能会直接在 F# 中实现算法(使用函数式编程会非常方便,并且没有特别的理由使用 Prolog)。

如果您想实现一个解释器,您可能会使用可区分的联合,它允许您与父母一起重写示例,如下所示:

type Var = Var of string
type Expression = 
  | Binary of string * Expression * Expression
  | Fact of string * Expression list
  | Ref of Var
type Rule =
  | Rule of string * Var list * Expression

/// Simplified syntax for writing And
let And(a, b) = Binary("and", a, b)

let a, b, c = Var("A"), Var("B"), Var("C")
Rule("parents", [a; b; c], 
  And(Fact("mother", [Ref a; Ref c]), Fact("father", [Ref b; Ref c])))

There was a similar question about integrating Prolog-like programs into F# recently.

F# doesn't have any built-in support for performing search based on backtracking (like Prolog). You have essentially two options:

  • Re-implement the algorithm in F# using recursion and encoding backtracking yourself.
  • Implementing a Prolog interpreter and representing facts using some discriminated union.

To implement shortest path search, I would probably just implement the algorithm directly in F# (using functional programming will be quite convenient and there is no particular reason for using Prolog).

If you wanted to implement an interpreter, you'd probably use a discriminated union that allows you to rewrite your example with parents like this:

type Var = Var of string
type Expression = 
  | Binary of string * Expression * Expression
  | Fact of string * Expression list
  | Ref of Var
type Rule =
  | Rule of string * Var list * Expression

/// Simplified syntax for writing And
let And(a, b) = Binary("and", a, b)

let a, b, c = Var("A"), Var("B"), Var("C")
Rule("parents", [a; b; c], 
  And(Fact("mother", [Ref a; Ref c]), Fact("father", [Ref b; Ref c])))
平定天下 2024-10-15 08:35:39

一个好的起点是研究在 F# 中实现 Prolog 风格的统一算法。好的伪代码或 LISP 实现可以在许多通用 AI 教科书或网络上找到。您可以从这里向外延伸到回溯和语法。统一算法应该相当简单地可以用功能丰富的语言(如 F#)来实现(尽管可能有点神秘)。

One good place to start is to look at implementing a Prolog-style unification algorithm in F#. Good pseudo-code or LISP implementations can be found in a number of general A.I. textbooks or on the web. You can work outwards from that to the backtracking and syntax. A unification algorithm should be fairly straightforward to implement in a feature-rich language like F# (though perhaps a bit arcane).

强辩 2024-10-15 08:35:39

从前,我认识一个人,他用 C++ 编写了 EDSL for Prolog 。他一直想为 F# 做同样的事情,但一直没有时间。他似乎还记得基本的序言统一&回溯算法非常简单(也许是流行方案文本最后一章中的练习?)并且希望有人能抢先一步,因为他正在度假。 :)

Once upon a time, I knew a guy who wrote an EDSL for Prolog in C++. He keeps meaning to do the same thing for F#, but never quite finds the time. He seems to recall the basic prolog unification & backtracking algorithm is very straightforward (an exercise in a late chapter of a popular Scheme text, perhaps?) and hopes someone will beat him to the punch, since he's on vacation. :)

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