Predict.svm 不预测新数据

发布于 2024-10-08 03:10:16 字数 560 浏览 0 评论 0原文

不幸的是,我在以下简单示例中使用predict()时遇到问题:

library(e1071)

x <- c(1:10)
y <- c(0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1)
test <- c(11:15)

mod <- svm(y ~ x, kernel = "linear", gamma = 1, cost = 2, type="C-classification")

predict(mod, newdata = test)

结果如下:

> predict(mod, newdata = test)
   1    2    3    4 <NA> <NA> <NA> <NA> <NA> <NA> 
   0    0    0    0    0    1    1    1    1    1 

任何人都可以解释为什么predict()只给出训练样本(x,y)的拟合值而不关心测试数据?

非常感谢您的帮助!

理查德

unfortunately I have problems using predict() in the following simple example:

library(e1071)

x <- c(1:10)
y <- c(0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1)
test <- c(11:15)

mod <- svm(y ~ x, kernel = "linear", gamma = 1, cost = 2, type="C-classification")

predict(mod, newdata = test)

The result is as follows:

> predict(mod, newdata = test)
   1    2    3    4 <NA> <NA> <NA> <NA> <NA> <NA> 
   0    0    0    0    0    1    1    1    1    1 

Can anybody explain why predict() only gives the fitted values of the training sample (x,y) and does not care about the test-data?

Thank you very much for your help!

Richard

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只为守护你 2024-10-15 03:10:16

看起来这是因为您滥用了 svm() 的公式接口。通常,人们会提供一个数据框或类似对象,在其中搜索公式中的变量。如果您不这样做,通常也没关系,即使这不是最佳实践,但当您想要预测时,将变量放入数据框中会让您陷入混乱。它返回训练数据的原因是因为您没有提供 newdata 一个包含名为 x 组件的对象。因此它无法找到新数据x,因此返回拟合值。这对于我所知道的大多数 R predict 方法来说很常见。

解决方案是 i) 将训练数据放入数据框中,并将其作为 data 参数传递给 svm,并且 ii) 提供一个包含 的新数据框x(从test)到predict()。例如:

> DF <- data.frame(x = x, y = y)
> mod <- svm(y ~ x, data = DF, kernel = "linear", gamma = 1, cost = 2,
+ type="C-classification")
> predict(mod, newdata = data.frame(x = test))
1 2 3 4 5 
1 1 1 1 1 
Levels: 0 1

It looks like this is because you misuse the formula interface to svm(). Normally, one supplies a data frame or similar object within which the variables in the formula are searched for. It usually doesn't matter if you don't do this, even if it is not best practice, but when you want to predict, not putting variables in a data frame gets you in a right mess. The reason it returns the training data is because you don't provide newdata an object with a component named x in it. Hence it can't find the new data x so returns the fitted values. This is common for most R predict methods I know.

The solution then is to i) put your training data in a data frame and pass svm this as the data argument, and ii) supply a new data frame containing x (from test) to predict(). E.g.:

> DF <- data.frame(x = x, y = y)
> mod <- svm(y ~ x, data = DF, kernel = "linear", gamma = 1, cost = 2,
+ type="C-classification")
> predict(mod, newdata = data.frame(x = test))
1 2 3 4 5 
1 1 1 1 1 
Levels: 0 1
赠佳期 2024-10-15 03:10:16

您需要 newdata 具有相同的形式,即使用 data.frame 有帮助:

R> library(e1071)
Loading required package: class
R> df <- data.frame(x=1:10, y=sample(c(0,1), 10, rep=TRUE))
R> mod <- svm(y ~ x, kernel = "linear", gamma = 1, 
+             cost = 2, type="C-classification", data=df)
R> newdf <- data.frame(x=11:15)
R> predict(mod, newdata=newdf)
1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0 0
Levels: 0 1
R>

顺便说一下,这也显示了 svm() 的帮助页面:

 ## density-estimation

 # create 2-dim. normal with rho=0:
 X <- data.frame(a = rnorm(1000), b = rnorm(1000))
 attach(X)

 # traditional way:
 m <- svm(X, gamma = 0.1)

 # formula interface:
 m <- svm(~., data = X, gamma = 0.1)
 # or:
 m <- svm(~ a + b, gamma = 0.1)

 # test:
 newdata <- data.frame(a = c(0, 4), b = c(0, 4))
 predict (m, newdata)

所以总而言之,使用公式接口和提供一个 data.frame——这就是 R 中所有建模函数的工作原理。

You need newdata to be of the same form, ie using a data.frame helps:

R> library(e1071)
Loading required package: class
R> df <- data.frame(x=1:10, y=sample(c(0,1), 10, rep=TRUE))
R> mod <- svm(y ~ x, kernel = "linear", gamma = 1, 
+             cost = 2, type="C-classification", data=df)
R> newdf <- data.frame(x=11:15)
R> predict(mod, newdata=newdf)
1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0 0
Levels: 0 1
R>

By the way, this is also shown the help page for svm():

 ## density-estimation

 # create 2-dim. normal with rho=0:
 X <- data.frame(a = rnorm(1000), b = rnorm(1000))
 attach(X)

 # traditional way:
 m <- svm(X, gamma = 0.1)

 # formula interface:
 m <- svm(~., data = X, gamma = 0.1)
 # or:
 m <- svm(~ a + b, gamma = 0.1)

 # test:
 newdata <- data.frame(a = c(0, 4), b = c(0, 4))
 predict (m, newdata)

So in sum, use the formula interface and supply a data.frame --- that is how essentially all modeling functions in R work.

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