检查 python 类属性

发布于 2024-10-04 08:54:01 字数 759 浏览 7 评论 0原文

我需要一种方法来检查类,以便我可以安全地识别哪些属性是用户定义的类属性。问题是 dir()、inspect.getmembers() 等函数返回所有类属性,包括预定义的属性,例如:__class____doc____dict____hash__。这当然是可以理解的,有人可能会说我可以只列出一个要忽略的命名成员列表,但不幸的是,这些预定义的属性必然会随着Python版本的不同而改变,因此使我的项目在Python项目中很容易改变- 我不喜欢那样。

示例:

>>> class A:
...   a=10
...   b=20
...   def __init__(self):
...     self.c=30
>>> dir(A)
['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'a', 'b']
>>> get_user_attributes(A)
['a','b']

在上面的示例中,我想要一种安全的方法来仅检索用户定义的类属性 ['a','b'] 而不是 'c',因为它是实例属性。所以我的问题是...任何人都可以帮助我使用上面的虚构函数 get_user_attributes(cls) 吗?

我花了一些时间尝试通过解析 AST 级别的类来解决问题,这非常容易。但我找不到一种方法将已解析的对象转换为 AST 节点树。我想一旦一个类被编译成字节码,所有 AST 信息都会被丢弃。

I need a way to inspect a class so I can safely identify which attributes are user-defined class attributes. The problem is that functions like dir(), inspect.getmembers() and friends return all class attributes including the pre-defined ones like: __class__, __doc__, __dict__, __hash__. This is of course understandable, and one could argue that I could just make a list of named members to ignore, but unfortunately these pre-defined attributes are bound to change with different versions of Python therefore making my project volnerable to changed in the python project - and I don't like that.

example:

>>> class A:
...   a=10
...   b=20
...   def __init__(self):
...     self.c=30
>>> dir(A)
['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'a', 'b']
>>> get_user_attributes(A)
['a','b']

In the example above I want a safe way to retrieve only the user-defined class attributes ['a','b'] not 'c' as it is an instance attribute. So my question is... Can anyone help me with the above fictive function get_user_attributes(cls)?

I have spent some time trying to solve the problem by parsing the class in AST level which would be very easy. But I can't find a way to convert already parsed objects to an AST node tree. I guess all AST info is discarded once a class has been compiled into bytecode.

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千秋岁 2024-10-11 08:54:01

下面是困难的方法。这是简单的方法。不知道为什么我没有早点想到。

import inspect

def get_user_attributes(cls):
    boring = dir(type('dummy', (object,), {}))
    return [item
            for item in inspect.getmembers(cls)
            if item[0] not in boring]

这是一个开始

def get_user_attributes(cls):
    boring = dir(type('dummy', (object,), {}))
    attrs = {}
    bases = reversed(inspect.getmro(cls))   
    for base in bases:
        if hasattr(base, '__dict__'):
            attrs.update(base.__dict__)
        elif hasattr(base, '__slots__'):
            if hasattr(base, base.__slots__[0]): 
                # We're dealing with a non-string sequence or one char string
                for item in base.__slots__:
                    attrs[item] = getattr(base, item)
            else: 
                # We're dealing with a single identifier as a string
                attrs[base.__slots__] = getattr(base, base.__slots__)
    for key in boring:
        del attrs['key']  # we can be sure it will be present so no need to guard this
    return attrs

这应该相当稳健。本质上,它的工作原理是忽略 object 默认子类上的属性。然后它获取传递给它的类的 mro 并以相反的顺序遍历它,以便子类键可以覆盖超类键。它返回键值对的字典。如果您想要像 inspect.getmembers 中那样的键值元组列表,则只需返回 attrs.items()list(attrs.items()) Python 3 中的

如果您实际上不想遍历 mro 而只想直接在子类上定义属性,那么会更简单:

def get_user_attributes(cls):
    boring = dir(type('dummy', (object,), {}))
    if hasattr(cls, '__dict__'):
        attrs = cls.__dict__.copy()
    elif hasattr(cls, '__slots__'):
        if hasattr(base, base.__slots__[0]): 
            # We're dealing with a non-string sequence or one char string
            for item in base.__slots__:
                attrs[item] = getattr(base, item)
            else: 
                # We're dealing with a single identifier as a string
                attrs[base.__slots__] = getattr(base, base.__slots__)
    for key in boring:
        del attrs['key']  # we can be sure it will be present so no need to guard this
    return attrs

Below is the hard way. Here's the easy way. Don't know why it didn't occur to me sooner.

import inspect

def get_user_attributes(cls):
    boring = dir(type('dummy', (object,), {}))
    return [item
            for item in inspect.getmembers(cls)
            if item[0] not in boring]

Here's a start

def get_user_attributes(cls):
    boring = dir(type('dummy', (object,), {}))
    attrs = {}
    bases = reversed(inspect.getmro(cls))   
    for base in bases:
        if hasattr(base, '__dict__'):
            attrs.update(base.__dict__)
        elif hasattr(base, '__slots__'):
            if hasattr(base, base.__slots__[0]): 
                # We're dealing with a non-string sequence or one char string
                for item in base.__slots__:
                    attrs[item] = getattr(base, item)
            else: 
                # We're dealing with a single identifier as a string
                attrs[base.__slots__] = getattr(base, base.__slots__)
    for key in boring:
        del attrs['key']  # we can be sure it will be present so no need to guard this
    return attrs

This should be fairly robust. Essentially, it works by getting the attributes that are on a default subclass of object to ignore. It then gets the mro of the class that's passed to it and traverses it in reverse order so that subclass keys can overwrite superclass keys. It returns a dictionary of key-value pairs. If you want a list of key, value tuples like in inspect.getmembers then just return either attrs.items() or list(attrs.items()) in Python 3.

If you don't actually want to traverse the mro and just want attributes defined directly on the subclass then it's easier:

def get_user_attributes(cls):
    boring = dir(type('dummy', (object,), {}))
    if hasattr(cls, '__dict__'):
        attrs = cls.__dict__.copy()
    elif hasattr(cls, '__slots__'):
        if hasattr(base, base.__slots__[0]): 
            # We're dealing with a non-string sequence or one char string
            for item in base.__slots__:
                attrs[item] = getattr(base, item)
            else: 
                # We're dealing with a single identifier as a string
                attrs[base.__slots__] = getattr(base, base.__slots__)
    for key in boring:
        del attrs['key']  # we can be sure it will be present so no need to guard this
    return attrs
心舞飞扬 2024-10-11 08:54:01

“特殊属性”两端的双下划线在2.0之前已经是python的一部分。他们不太可能在不久的将来改变这一点。

class Foo(object):
  a = 1
  b = 2

def get_attrs(klass):
  return [k for k in klass.__dict__.keys()
            if not k.startswith('__')
            and not k.endswith('__')]

print get_attrs(Foo)

<块引用>

['a', 'b']

Double underscores on both ends of 'special attributes' have been a part of python before 2.0. It would be very unlikely that they would change that any time in the near future.

class Foo(object):
  a = 1
  b = 2

def get_attrs(klass):
  return [k for k in klass.__dict__.keys()
            if not k.startswith('__')
            and not k.endswith('__')]

print get_attrs(Foo)

['a', 'b']

听不够的曲调 2024-10-11 08:54:01

谢谢 aaronasterling,你给了我我需要的表达:-)
我的最终类属性检查器函数如下所示:

def get_user_attributes(cls,exclude_methods=True):
  base_attrs = dir(type('dummy', (object,), {}))
  this_cls_attrs = dir(cls)
  res = []
  for attr in this_cls_attrs:
    if base_attrs.count(attr) or (callable(getattr(cls,attr)) and exclude_methods):
      continue
    res += [attr]
  return res

仅返回类属性变量(exclude_methods=True)或也检索方法。
我的初步测试表明上述函数同时支持旧式和新式 python 类。

/ 雅各布

Thanks aaronasterling, you gave me the expression i needed :-)
My final class attribute inspector function looks like this:

def get_user_attributes(cls,exclude_methods=True):
  base_attrs = dir(type('dummy', (object,), {}))
  this_cls_attrs = dir(cls)
  res = []
  for attr in this_cls_attrs:
    if base_attrs.count(attr) or (callable(getattr(cls,attr)) and exclude_methods):
      continue
    res += [attr]
  return res

Either return class attribute variabels only (exclude_methods=True) or also retrieve the methods.
My initial tests og the above function supports both old and new-style python classes.

/ Jakob

撑一把青伞 2024-10-11 08:54:01

如果使用新样式类,是否可以简单地减去父类的属性?

class A(object):
    a = 10
    b = 20
    #...

def get_attrs(Foo):
    return [k for k in dir(Foo) if k not in dir(super(Foo))]

编辑:不完全是。 __dict____module____weakref__ 在继承对象时出现,但对象本身不存在。你可以对这些进行特殊处理——我怀疑它们会经常改变。

If you use new style classes, could you simply subtract the attributes of the parent class?

class A(object):
    a = 10
    b = 20
    #...

def get_attrs(Foo):
    return [k for k in dir(Foo) if k not in dir(super(Foo))]

Edit: Not quite. __dict__,__module__ and __weakref__ appear when inheriting from object, but aren't there in object itself. You could special case these--I doubt they'd change very often.

脱离于你 2024-10-11 08:54:01

很抱歉把线程撞坏了。令我惊讶的是,截至 2019 年,仍然没有简单的函数(或库)来处理如此常见的用法。

我要感谢 aaronasterling 的想法。实际上,set 容器提供了一种更直接的表达方式:

class dummy:    pass

def abridged_set_of_user_attributes(obj):
    return set(dir(obj))-set(dir(dummy))

def abridged_list_of_user_attributes(obj):
    return list(abridged_set_of_user_attributes(obj))

使用列表理解的原始解决方案实际上是两级循环,因为有两个 in 关键字复合,尽管只有一个 for 关键字让它看起来比实际要少。

Sorry for necro-bumping the thread. I'm surprised that there's still no simple function (or a library) to handle such common usage as of 2019.

I'd like to thank aaronasterling for the idea. Actually, set container provides a more straightforward way to express it:

class dummy:    pass

def abridged_set_of_user_attributes(obj):
    return set(dir(obj))-set(dir(dummy))

def abridged_list_of_user_attributes(obj):
    return list(abridged_set_of_user_attributes(obj))

The original solution using list comprehension is actually two level of loops because there are two in keyword compounded, despite having only one for keyword made it look like less work than it is.

彡翼 2024-10-11 08:54:01

这对我有用,可以在 cls.__dict__ 中找到带有 __ 的用户定义属性,

import inspect

class A:
    __a = True
    
    def __init__(self, _a, b, c):
        self._a = _a
        self.b = b
        self.c = c 

    def test(self):
        return False

cls = A(1, 2, 3)

members = inspect.getmembers(cls, predicate=lambda x: not inspect.ismethod(x))
attrs = set(dict(members).keys()).intersection(set(cls.__dict__.keys()))
__attrs = {m[0] for m in members if m[0].startswith(f'_{cls.__class__.__name__}')}
attrs.update(__attrs)

这将正确产生:{'_A__a', '_a' , 'b', 'c'}

如果您愿意,您可以更新以清理 cls.__class__.__name__

This worked for me to include user defined attributes with __ that might be be found in cls.__dict__

import inspect

class A:
    __a = True
    
    def __init__(self, _a, b, c):
        self._a = _a
        self.b = b
        self.c = c 

    def test(self):
        return False

cls = A(1, 2, 3)

members = inspect.getmembers(cls, predicate=lambda x: not inspect.ismethod(x))
attrs = set(dict(members).keys()).intersection(set(cls.__dict__.keys()))
__attrs = {m[0] for m in members if m[0].startswith(f'_{cls.__class__.__name__}')}
attrs.update(__attrs)

This will correctly yield: {'_A__a', '_a', 'b', 'c'}

You can update to clean the cls.__class__.__name__ if you wish

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