Design by Contract：我们可以用合约来表达Stack FILO的属性吗？
合同设计似乎受到明示规格的限制。例如，我尝试用契约来表达 Stack FILO 属性，但没有得到任何想法。有人可以帮忙吗？
我认为根本原因是前置条件/后置条件/不变式是没有副作用的断言。这导致了FILO属性的检查，这是一种不容易甚至不可能的副作用。
It seems that design by contract has limit to express specification. For example, i tried to express Stack FILO property with contract, but didn't get an idea. Anybody can help?
I think the root cause is that precondition/postcondition/invariant are assertations without side effects. It leads to the checking of FILO property which is a kind of side effects not easy even possible.
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确实如此，按合同设计的功能有限。它们不是灵丹妙药。因为如果是的话，IT 行业就会抛弃单元测试、代码审查等。
我建议您为这种情况编写简单的单元测试，而不是通过实现合同（甚至可能无法实现）来绞尽脑汁。
That's true, design by contract has limited functionality. They are not panacea. Because if they were then the IT industry would throw out unit-testing, code reviews etc.
I suggest you to write simple unit-test for this case rather than crack your head by implementing a contract (which even may be unimplementable).