Python垃圾回收有那么慢吗？

发布于 2024-09-27 03:22:31 字数 5113 浏览 1 评论 0原文

我的 python 应用程序有问题，我认为它与 python 垃圾收集有关，即使我不确定...

问题是我的应用程序需要花费很多时间才能退出并切换到一个函数下一张。

在我的应用程序中，我处理非常大的字典，其中包含数千个从包装的 C++ 类实例化的大型对象。

我在程序中放置了一些时间戳输出，我发现在每个函数的末尾，当函数内创建的对象超出范围时，解释器在调用下一个函数之前会花费大量时间。当程序应该退出时，我在应用程序结束时观察到同样的问题：在屏幕上的最后一个时间戳和出现新提示之间花费了大量时间（〜几个小时！）。

内存使用稳定，所以我并没有真正发生内存泄漏。

有什么建议吗？

数千个大型 C++ 对象的垃圾回收会这么慢吗？

有没有一种方法可以加快速度？

更新：

非常感谢您的所有回答，您给了我很多调试代码的提示:-)

我在 Scientific Linux 5 上使用 Python 2.6.5，这是一个基于 Red Hat Enterprise 的定制发行版5. 实际上，我没有使用 SWIG 来获取 C++ 代码的 Python 绑定，而是使用 Reflex/PyROOT 框架。我知道，它在粒子物理学之外并不是很出名（但仍然是开源的并且免费提供），我必须使用它，因为它是我们主框架的默认设置。

在这种情况下，Python 端的 DEL 命令不起作用，我已经尝试过了。 DEL 只删除链接到 C++ 对象的 python 变量，而不是内存中的对象本身，该对象仍然属于 C++ 端......

我知道，我猜这不是标准的，而且有点复杂，抱歉： -P

但按照您的提示，我将分析我的代码，然后按照您的建议向您提供更多详细信息。

额外更新：

好的，按照您的建议，我使用 cProfile 检测了我的代码，我发现实际上 gc.collect() 函数是该函数占用了大部分运行时间！

这里是 cProfile + pstats print_stats() 的输出：

    >>> p.sort_stats("time").print_stats(20)
Wed Oct 20 17:46:02 2010    mainProgram.profile

         547303 function calls (542629 primitive calls) in 548.060 CPU seconds

   Ordered by: internal time
   List reduced from 727 to 20 due to restriction 

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        4  345.701   86.425  345.704   86.426 {gc.collect}
        1  167.115  167.115  200.946  200.946 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:2041(PlotSamplesBranches)
       28   12.817    0.458   13.345    0.477 PlotROOTUtils.py:205(SaveItems)
     9900   10.425    0.001   10.426    0.001 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:1973(HistoStyle)
     6622    5.188    0.001    5.278    0.001 PlotROOTUtils.py:403(__init__)
       57    0.625    0.011    0.625    0.011 {built-in method load}
      103    0.625    0.006    0.792    0.008 dbutils.py:41(DeadlockWrap)
       14    0.475    0.034    0.475    0.034 {method 'dump' of 'cPickle.Pickler' objects}
     6622    0.453    0.000    5.908    0.001 PlotROOTUtils.py:421(CreateCanvas)
    26455    0.434    0.000    0.508    0.000 /opt/root/lib/ROOT.py:215(__getattr__)
[...]

>>> p.sort_stats("cumulative").print_stats(20)
Wed Oct 20 17:46:02 2010    mainProgram.profile

         547303 function calls (542629 primitive calls) in 548.060 CPU seconds

   Ordered by: cumulative time
   List reduced from 727 to 20 due to restriction 

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        1    0.001    0.001  548.068  548.068 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:2492(main)
        4    0.000    0.000  346.756   86.689 /usr/lib//lib/python2.5/site-packages/guppy/heapy/Use.py:171(heap)
        4    0.005    0.001  346.752   86.688 /usr/lib//lib/python2.5/site-packages/guppy/heapy/View.py:344(heap)
        1    0.002    0.002  346.147  346.147 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:2537(LogAndFinalize)
        4  345.701   86.425  345.704   86.426 {gc.collect}
        1  167.115  167.115  200.946  200.946 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:2041(PlotBranches)
       28   12.817    0.458   13.345    0.477 PlotROOTUtils.py:205(SaveItems)
     9900   10.425    0.001   10.426    0.001 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:1973(HistoStyle)
    13202    0.336    0.000    6.818    0.001 PlotROOTUtils.py:431(PlottingCanvases)
     6622    0.453    0.000    5.908    0.001 /root/svn_co/rbianchi/SoftwareDevelopment

[...]

>>>

因此，在两个输出中，分别按“时间”和“累积”时间排序，gc.collect () 是消耗我的程序运行时间最多的函数！ :-P

这是内存分析器 Heapy 的输出，就在返回 main() 程序之前。

memory usage before return:
Partition of a set of 65901 objects. Total size = 4765572 bytes.
 Index  Count   %     Size   % Cumulative  % Kind (class / dict of class)
     0  25437  39  1452444  30   1452444  30 str
     1   6622  10   900592  19   2353036  49 dict of PlotROOTUtils.Canvas
     2    109   0   567016  12   2920052  61 dict of module
     3   7312  11   280644   6   3200696  67 tuple
     4   6622  10   238392   5   3439088  72 0xa4ab74c
     5   6622  10   185416   4   3624504  76 PlotROOTUtils.Canvas
     6   2024   3   137632   3   3762136  79 types.CodeType
     7    263   0   129080   3   3891216  82 dict (no owner)
     8    254   0   119024   2   4010240  84 dict of type
     9    254   0   109728   2   4119968  86 type
  Index  Count   %     Size   % Cumulative  % Kind (class / dict of class)
    10   1917   3   107352   2   4264012  88 function
    11   3647   5   102116   2   4366128  90 ROOT.MethodProxy
    12    148   0    80800   2   4446928  92 dict of class
    13   1109   2    39924   1   4486852  93 __builtin__.wrapper_descriptor
    14    239   0    23136   0   4509988  93 list
    15     87   0    22968   0   4532956  94 dict of guppy.etc.Glue.Interface
    16    644   1    20608   0   4553564  94 types.BuiltinFunctionType
    17    495   1    19800   0   4573364  94 __builtin__.weakref
    18     23   0    11960   0   4585324  95 dict of guppy.etc.Glue.Share
    19    367   1    11744   0   4597068  95 __builtin__.method_descriptor

知道为什么，或者如何优化垃圾收集吗？

我可以做更详细的检查吗？

原文

I have a problem with my python application, and I think it's related to the python garbage collection, even if I'm not sure...

The problem is that my application takes a lot of time to exit and to switch to one function to the next one.

In my application I handle very large dictionaries, containing thousands of large objects which are instantiated from wrapped C++ classes.

I put some timestamp outputs in my program, and I saw that at the end of each function, when objects created inside the function should go out of scope, a lot of time is spent by the interpreter before calling the next function. And I observe the same problem at the end of the application, when the program should exit: a lot of time (~ hours!) is spent between the last timestamp on screen and the appearance of the fresh prompt.

The memory usage is stable, so I don't really have memory leaks.

Any suggestions?

Can be the garbage collection of thousands of large C++ objects that slow?

Is there a method to speed up that?

UPDATE:

Thanks a lot for all your answers, you gave me a lot of hints to debug my code :-)

I use Python 2.6.5 on Scientific Linux 5, a customized distribution based on Red Hat Enterprise 5.
And actually I'm not using SWIG to get Python bindings for our C++ code, but the Reflex/PyROOT framework. I know, it's not very known outside particle physics (but still open source and freely available) and I have to use it because it's the default for our main framework.

And in this context the DEL command from the Python side does not work, I had already tried it. DEL only deletes the python variable linked to the C++ object, not the object itself in memory, which is still owned by the C++ side...

...I know, it's not-standard I guess, and a bit complicated, sorry :-P

But following your hints, I'll profile my code and I'll come back to you with more details, as you suggested.

ADDITIONAL UPDATE:

Ok, following your suggestions, I instrumented my code with cProfile, and I discovered that actually the gc.collect() function is the function taking the most of the running time!!

Here the output from cProfile + pstats print_stats():


    >>> p.sort_stats("time").print_stats(20)
Wed Oct 20 17:46:02 2010    mainProgram.profile

         547303 function calls (542629 primitive calls) in 548.060 CPU seconds

   Ordered by: internal time
   List reduced from 727 to 20 due to restriction 

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        4  345.701   86.425  345.704   86.426 {gc.collect}
        1  167.115  167.115  200.946  200.946 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:2041(PlotSamplesBranches)
       28   12.817    0.458   13.345    0.477 PlotROOTUtils.py:205(SaveItems)
     9900   10.425    0.001   10.426    0.001 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:1973(HistoStyle)
     6622    5.188    0.001    5.278    0.001 PlotROOTUtils.py:403(__init__)
       57    0.625    0.011    0.625    0.011 {built-in method load}
      103    0.625    0.006    0.792    0.008 dbutils.py:41(DeadlockWrap)
       14    0.475    0.034    0.475    0.034 {method 'dump' of 'cPickle.Pickler' objects}
     6622    0.453    0.000    5.908    0.001 PlotROOTUtils.py:421(CreateCanvas)
    26455    0.434    0.000    0.508    0.000 /opt/root/lib/ROOT.py:215(__getattr__)
[...]

>>> p.sort_stats("cumulative").print_stats(20)
Wed Oct 20 17:46:02 2010    mainProgram.profile

         547303 function calls (542629 primitive calls) in 548.060 CPU seconds

   Ordered by: cumulative time
   List reduced from 727 to 20 due to restriction 

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        1    0.001    0.001  548.068  548.068 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:2492(main)
        4    0.000    0.000  346.756   86.689 /usr/lib//lib/python2.5/site-packages/guppy/heapy/Use.py:171(heap)
        4    0.005    0.001  346.752   86.688 /usr/lib//lib/python2.5/site-packages/guppy/heapy/View.py:344(heap)
        1    0.002    0.002  346.147  346.147 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:2537(LogAndFinalize)
        4  345.701   86.425  345.704   86.426 {gc.collect}
        1  167.115  167.115  200.946  200.946 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:2041(PlotBranches)
       28   12.817    0.458   13.345    0.477 PlotROOTUtils.py:205(SaveItems)
     9900   10.425    0.001   10.426    0.001 PlotD3PD_v3.2.py:1973(HistoStyle)
    13202    0.336    0.000    6.818    0.001 PlotROOTUtils.py:431(PlottingCanvases)
     6622    0.453    0.000    5.908    0.001 /root/svn_co/rbianchi/SoftwareDevelopment

[...]

>>>

So, in both outputs, sorted by "time" and by "cumulative" time respectively, gc.collect() is the function consuming the most of the running time of my program! :-P

And this is the output of the memory profiler Heapy, just before returning the main() program.

memory usage before return:
Partition of a set of 65901 objects. Total size = 4765572 bytes.
 Index  Count   %     Size   % Cumulative  % Kind (class / dict of class)
     0  25437  39  1452444  30   1452444  30 str
     1   6622  10   900592  19   2353036  49 dict of PlotROOTUtils.Canvas
     2    109   0   567016  12   2920052  61 dict of module
     3   7312  11   280644   6   3200696  67 tuple
     4   6622  10   238392   5   3439088  72 0xa4ab74c
     5   6622  10   185416   4   3624504  76 PlotROOTUtils.Canvas
     6   2024   3   137632   3   3762136  79 types.CodeType
     7    263   0   129080   3   3891216  82 dict (no owner)
     8    254   0   119024   2   4010240  84 dict of type
     9    254   0   109728   2   4119968  86 type
  Index  Count   %     Size   % Cumulative  % Kind (class / dict of class)
    10   1917   3   107352   2   4264012  88 function
    11   3647   5   102116   2   4366128  90 ROOT.MethodProxy
    12    148   0    80800   2   4446928  92 dict of class
    13   1109   2    39924   1   4486852  93 __builtin__.wrapper_descriptor
    14    239   0    23136   0   4509988  93 list
    15     87   0    22968   0   4532956  94 dict of guppy.etc.Glue.Interface
    16    644   1    20608   0   4553564  94 types.BuiltinFunctionType
    17    495   1    19800   0   4573364  94 __builtin__.weakref
    18     23   0    11960   0   4585324  95 dict of guppy.etc.Glue.Share
    19    367   1    11744   0   4597068  95 __builtin__.method_descriptor

Any idea why, or how to optimize the garbage collection?

Is there any more detailed check I can do?

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落花浅忆 2024-10-04 03:22:31

这是 Python 2.6 中已知的垃圾收集器问题，当分配许多对象而不取消分配时，会导致垃圾收集时间成二次方其中任何一个，即。大名单人口。
有两个简单的解决方案：

在填充大型列表之前禁用垃圾收集，然后再启用它
<块引用>
<前><代码>l = []
GC.disable()
对于 x 在 xrange(10**6) 中：
l.append(x)
GC.enable()
或更新到Python 2.7，该问题已得到解决

我更喜欢第二种解决方案，但它并不总是一个选择；）

This is known garbage collector issue in Python 2.6 causing quadratic time for garbage collection when many objects are being allocated without deallocating any of them ie. population of large list.
There are two simple solutions:

either disable garbage collection before populating large lists and enable it afterwards
```
l = []
gc.disable()
for x in xrange(10**6):
  l.append(x)
gc.enable()
```
or update to Python 2.7, where the issue has been solved

I prefer the second solution, but it's not always an option;)

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