优化 Haskell 函数以防止堆栈溢出
我正在尝试创建一个函数,使用遗传算法递归地玩所有可能的井字游戏,然后返回一个元组(赢,输,平)。然而,当像这样调用时,下面的函数总是会溢出堆栈:
scoreOne :: UnscoredPlayer -> [String] -> ScoredPlayer
scoreOne player boards = ScoredPlayer (token player) (chromosome player) (evaluateG $! testPlayer player boards)
...
let results = map (\x->scoreOne x boards) players
print (maximum results)
其中players
是染色体列表。溢出不会仅在 1 名玩家中发生,而是在 2 名玩家中发生。
编辑:如果按以下方式调用该函数,则不会溢出堆栈。
let results = map (\player -> evaluateG (testPlayer player boards)) players
print (maximum results)
但是,以下方式确实会导致堆栈溢出。
let results = map (\player -> ScoredPlayer (token player) (chromosome player) (evaluateG $! testPlayer player boards)) players
作为参考,ScoredPlayer
定义为(字符串是玩家标记,[Int] 是染色体,Float 是分数):
data ScoredPlayer = ScoredPlayer String ![Int] !Float deriving (Eq)
根据我对 Haskell 的了解,playAll'< /code> 函数不是尾递归的,因为我使用的
foldl'
调用正在对函数结果执行进一步处理。但是,我不知道如何消除 foldl'
调用,因为需要它来确保玩所有可能的游戏。有什么方法可以重构函数,使其成为尾递归(或者至少不会溢出堆栈)?
预先感谢,并对大量代码清单表示歉意。
playAll' :: (Num a) => UnscoredPlayer -> Bool -> String -> [String] -> (a,a,a) -> (a,a,a)
playAll' player playerTurn board boards (w,ls,t)=
if won == self then (w+1,ls,t) -- I won this game
else
if won == enemy then (w,ls+1,t) -- My enemy won this game
else
if '_' `notElem` board then (w,ls,t+1) -- It's a tie
else
if playerTurn then --My turn; make a move and try all possible combinations for the enemy
playAll' player False (makeMove ...) boards (w,ls,t)
else --Try each possible move against myself
(foldl' (\(x,y,z) (s1,s2,s3) -> (x+s1,y+s2,z+s3)) (w,ls,t)
[playAll' player True newBoard boards (w,ls,t)| newBoard <- (permute enemy board)])
where
won = winning board --if someone has one, who is it?
enemy = (opposite.token) player --what player is my enemy?
self = token player --what player am I?
I'm trying to create a function that recursively plays all possible games of tic-tac-toe using a genetic algorithm, and then returns a tuple of (wins,losses,ties). However, the function below always overflows the stack when called like this:
scoreOne :: UnscoredPlayer -> [String] -> ScoredPlayer
scoreOne player boards = ScoredPlayer (token player) (chromosome player) (evaluateG $! testPlayer player boards)
...
let results = map (\x->scoreOne x boards) players
print (maximum results)
where players
is a list of chromosomes. The overflow doesn't occur with only 1 player, but with two it happens.
EDIT: If the function is called in the following way, it does not overflow the stack.
let results = map (\player -> evaluateG (testPlayer player boards)) players
print (maximum results)
However, the following way does overflow the stack.
let results = map (\player -> ScoredPlayer (token player) (chromosome player) (evaluateG $! testPlayer player boards)) players
For reference, ScoredPlayer
is defined as (the string is the player token, [Int] is the chromosome, and Float is the score):
data ScoredPlayer = ScoredPlayer String ![Int] !Float deriving (Eq)
From what I know of Haskell, the playAll'
function isn't tail-recursive because the foldl'
call I'm using is performing further processing on the function results. However, I have no idea how to eliminate the foldl'
call, since it's needed to ensure all possible games are played. Is there any way to restructure the function so that it is tail-recursive (or at least doesn't overflow the stack)?
Thanks in advance, and sorry for the massive code listing.
playAll' :: (Num a) => UnscoredPlayer -> Bool -> String -> [String] -> (a,a,a) -> (a,a,a)
playAll' player playerTurn board boards (w,ls,t)=
if won == self then (w+1,ls,t) -- I won this game
else
if won == enemy then (w,ls+1,t) -- My enemy won this game
else
if '_' `notElem` board then (w,ls,t+1) -- It's a tie
else
if playerTurn then --My turn; make a move and try all possible combinations for the enemy
playAll' player False (makeMove ...) boards (w,ls,t)
else --Try each possible move against myself
(foldl' (\(x,y,z) (s1,s2,s3) -> (x+s1,y+s2,z+s3)) (w,ls,t)
[playAll' player True newBoard boards (w,ls,t)| newBoard <- (permute enemy board)])
where
won = winning board --if someone has one, who is it?
enemy = (opposite.token) player --what player is my enemy?
self = token player --what player am I?
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foldl'
函数是尾递归的,问题是它不够严格。这是唐·斯图尔特在评论中提到的问题。将 Haskell 数据结构视为惰性盒子,其中每个新构造函数都会创建一个新盒子。当你有一个折叠时,
元组是一个盒子,其中的每个元素都是另一个盒子。
foldl'
的严格性仅删除最外面的框。元组中的每个元素仍然位于惰性框中。为了解决这个问题,您需要应用更深层次的严格性来删除多余的框。 Don 的建议是
现在
foldl'
的严格性就足够了。 R 的各个元素都是严格的,因此当删除最外面的框(R 构造函数)时,内部的三个值也会被评估。在没有看到更多代码的情况下,我只能提供这些。我无法运行此列表,因此我不知道这是否可以解决问题,或者完整程序中是否存在其他问题。
作为一种风格,您可能更喜欢以下内容,而不是嵌套的
if
:The
foldl'
function is tail-recursive, the problem is that it's not strict enough. This is the problem Don Stewart mentions in his comment.Think of Haskell data structures as lazy boxes, where every new constructor makes a new box. When you have a fold like
the tuples are one box, and each element within them are another box. The strictness from
foldl'
only removes the outermost box. Each element within the tuple is still in a lazy box.To get around this you need to apply deeper strictness to remove the extra boxes. Don's suggestion is to make
Now the strictness of
foldl'
is sufficient. The individual elements of R are strict, so when the outermost box (the R constructor) is removed, the three values inside are evaluated as well.Without seeing more code that's about all I can provide. I wasn't able to run this listing so I don't know if this solves the problem or if there are other issues in the full program.
As a point of style, instead of nested
if
's you may prefer the following: