Bash 读/写文件描述符——寻找文件开头

发布于 2024-09-25 20:29:32 字数 836 浏览 3 评论 0 原文

我尝试在 bash 中使用读/写文件描述符,以便我可以删除文件描述符随后引用的文件,如下所示:

F=$(mktemp)
exec 3<> "$F"
rm -f "$F"

echo "Hello world" >&3
cat <&3

但是 cat 命令没有给出任何输出。如果我使用单独的文件描述符进行读取和写入,我可以实现我想要的目标:

F=$(mktemp)
exec 3> "$F"
exec 4< "$F"
rm -f "$F"

echo "Hello world" >&3
cat <&4

打印 Hello world

我怀疑当您从写入切换到读取文件描述符时,bash 不会自动查找文件描述符的开头,并且 bash 和 python 代码的以下组合证实了这一点:

fdrw.sh

exec 3<> tmp
rm tmp

echo "Hello world" >&3
exec python fdrw.py

fdrw.py

import os  

f = os.fdopen(3)
print f.tell()
print f.read()

给出:

$ bash fdrw.sh
12

$ # This is the prompt reappearing

有没有办法只需使用 bash 即可实现我想要的目的?

I tried to use the read/write file descriptor in bash so that I could delete the file that the file descriptor referred to afterward, as such:

F=$(mktemp)
exec 3<> "$F"
rm -f "$F"

echo "Hello world" >&3
cat <&3

but the cat command gives no output. I can achieve what I want if I use separate file descriptors for reading and writing:

F=$(mktemp)
exec 3> "$F"
exec 4< "$F"
rm -f "$F"

echo "Hello world" >&3
cat <&4

which prints Hello world.

I suspected that bash doesn't automatically seek to the start of the file descriptor when you switch from writing to reading it, and the following combination of bash and python code confirms this:

fdrw.sh

exec 3<> tmp
rm tmp

echo "Hello world" >&3
exec python fdrw.py

fdrw.py

import os  

f = os.fdopen(3)
print f.tell()
print f.read()

which gives:

$ bash fdrw.sh
12

$ # This is the prompt reappearing

Is there a way to achieve what I want just using bash?

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评论(9

染年凉城似染瑾 2024-10-02 20:29:32

我找到了一种在 bash 中执行此操作的方法,但它依赖于 exec exec 的一个不起眼的功能。 /dev/stdin 实际上可以根据 http://linux-ip.net/misc/madlug/shell-tips/tip-1.txt

F=$(mktemp)
exec 3<> "$F"
rm -f "$F"

echo "Hello world" >&3
{ exec < /dev/stdin; cat; } <&3

写入描述符不受此影响,因此您仍然可以将输出附加到描述符 3在猫之前。

遗憾的是,即使使用最新的 bash 版本,我也只能在 Linux 下运行,而不是在 MacOS (BSD) 下运行。所以看起来不太便携。

I found a way to do it in bash, but it's relying on an obscure feature of exec < /dev/stdin which actually can rewind the file descriptor of stdin according to http://linux-ip.net/misc/madlug/shell-tips/tip-1.txt:

F=$(mktemp)
exec 3<> "$F"
rm -f "$F"

echo "Hello world" >&3
{ exec < /dev/stdin; cat; } <&3

The write descriptor isn't affected by that so you can still append output to descriptor 3 before the cat.

Sadly I only got this working under Linux not under MacOS (BSD), even with the newest bash version. So it doesn't seem very portable.

可是我不能没有你 2024-10-02 20:29:32

如果您确实想要查找 bash 文件描述符,则可以使用子进程,因为它继承了父进程的文件描述符。下面是一个执行此操作的 C 程序示例。

搜索引擎

#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    /* Arguments: fd [offset [whence]]
     * where
     * fd: file descriptor to seek
     * offset: number of bytes from position specified in whence
     * whence: one of
     *  SEEK_SET (==0): from start of file
     *  SEEK_CUR (==1): from current position
     *  SEEK_END (==2): from end of file
     */
    int fd;
    long long scan_offset = 0;
    off_t offset = 0;
    int whence = SEEK_SET;
    int errsv; int rv;
    if (argc == 1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "usage: seekfd fd [offset [whence]]\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    if (argc >= 2) {
        if (sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &fd) == EOF) {
            errsv = errno;
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errsv));
            exit(1);
        }
    }
    if (argc >= 3) {
        rv = sscanf(argv[2], "%lld", &scan_offset);
        if (rv == EOF) {
            errsv = errno;
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errsv));
            exit(1);
        }
        offset = (off_t) scan_offset;
    }
    if (argc >= 4) {
        if (sscanf(argv[3], "%d", &whence) == EOF) {
            errsv = errno;
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errsv));
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    if (lseek(fd, offset, whence) == (off_t) -1) {
        errsv = errno;
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errsv));
        exit(2);
    }

    return 0;
}

If you ever do happen to want to seek on bash file descriptors, you can use a subprocess, since it inherits the file descriptors of the parent process. Here is an example C program to do this.

seekfd.c

#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    /* Arguments: fd [offset [whence]]
     * where
     * fd: file descriptor to seek
     * offset: number of bytes from position specified in whence
     * whence: one of
     *  SEEK_SET (==0): from start of file
     *  SEEK_CUR (==1): from current position
     *  SEEK_END (==2): from end of file
     */
    int fd;
    long long scan_offset = 0;
    off_t offset = 0;
    int whence = SEEK_SET;
    int errsv; int rv;
    if (argc == 1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "usage: seekfd fd [offset [whence]]\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    if (argc >= 2) {
        if (sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &fd) == EOF) {
            errsv = errno;
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errsv));
            exit(1);
        }
    }
    if (argc >= 3) {
        rv = sscanf(argv[2], "%lld", &scan_offset);
        if (rv == EOF) {
            errsv = errno;
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errsv));
            exit(1);
        }
        offset = (off_t) scan_offset;
    }
    if (argc >= 4) {
        if (sscanf(argv[3], "%d", &whence) == EOF) {
            errsv = errno;
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errsv));
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    if (lseek(fd, offset, whence) == (off_t) -1) {
        errsv = errno;
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", argv[0], strerror(errsv));
        exit(2);
    }

    return 0;
}
心安伴我暖 2024-10-02 20:29:32

不。bash 的重定向没有任何“寻找”的概念。它(大部分)在一个长流中从头到尾读取/写入。

No. bash does not have any concept of "seeking" with its redirection. It reads/writes (mostly) from beginning to end in one long stream.

佞臣 2024-10-02 20:29:32

尝试更改命令顺序:

F=$(mktemp tmp.XXXXXX)
exec 3<> "$F"
echo "Hello world" > "$F"
rm -f "$F"

#echo "Hello world" >&3
cat <&3

Try changing the sequence of commands:

F=$(mktemp tmp.XXXXXX)
exec 3<> "$F"
echo "Hello world" > "$F"
rm -f "$F"

#echo "Hello world" >&3
cat <&3
最后的乘客 2024-10-02 20:29:32

当您像这样在 bash 中打开文件描述符时,它可以作为 /dev/fd/ 中的文件进行访问。
对此,您可以执行 cat ,它会从头开始读取,或附加(echo "something" >> /dev/fd/3),然后它会将其添加到最后。
至少在我的系统上它是这样的。 (另一方面,即使我不对描述符进行任何写入,我似乎也无法让“cat <&3”工作)。

When you open a file descriptor in bash like that, it becomes accessible as a file in /dev/fd/.
On that you can do cat and it'll read from the start, or append (echo "something" >> /dev/fd/3), and it'll add it to the end.
At least on my system it behaves this way. (On the other hand, I can't seem to be able to get "cat <&3" to work, even if I don't do any writing to the descriptor).

负佳期 2024-10-02 20:29:32
#!/bin/bash
F=$(mktemp tmp.XXXXXX)
exec 3<> $F
rm $F

echo "Hello world" >&3
cat /dev/fd/3

正如其他答案中所建议的cat 会在读取文件描述符之前为您倒回文件描述符,因为它认为这只是一个普通文件。

#!/bin/bash
F=$(mktemp tmp.XXXXXX)
exec 3<> $F
rm $F

echo "Hello world" >&3
cat /dev/fd/3

As suggested in other answer, cat will rewind the file descriptor for you before reading from it since it thinks it's just a regular file.

她如夕阳 2024-10-02 20:29:32

要“倒回”文件描述符,您可以简单地使用 /proc/self/fd/3

测试脚本:

#!/bin/bash

# Fill data
FILE=test
date +%FT%T >$FILE

# Open the file descriptor and delete the file
exec 5<>$FILE
rm -rf $FILE

# Check state of the file
# should return an error as the file has been deleted
file $FILE

# Check that you still can do multiple reads or additions
for i in {0..5}; do
    echo ----- $i -----

    echo . >>/proc/self/fd/5
    cat /proc/self/fd/5

    echo
    sleep 1
done

尝试在脚本运行时杀死 -9 脚本,您将看到与发生的情况相反的情况使用trap方法,文件实际上被删除了。

To 'rewind' the file descriptor, you can simply use /proc/self/fd/3

Test script :

#!/bin/bash

# Fill data
FILE=test
date +%FT%T >$FILE

# Open the file descriptor and delete the file
exec 5<>$FILE
rm -rf $FILE

# Check state of the file
# should return an error as the file has been deleted
file $FILE

# Check that you still can do multiple reads or additions
for i in {0..5}; do
    echo ----- $i -----

    echo . >>/proc/self/fd/5
    cat /proc/self/fd/5

    echo
    sleep 1
done

Try to kill -9 the script while it is running, you will see that contrary to what happens with the trap method, the file is actually deleted.

对你的占有欲 2024-10-02 20:29:32

扩展 @sanmai 的答案...

并确认正在发生的事情...

#/bin/bash
F=$(mktemp tmp.XXXXXX)
exec 3<>$F     # open the temporary file for read and write
rm $F          # delete file, though it remains on file system

echo "Hello world!" >&3    # Add a line to a file
cat /dev/fd/3              # Read the whole file
echo "Bye" >>/dev/fd/3     # Append another line
cat /dev/fd/3              # Read the whole file
echo "Goodbye" >&3         # Overwrite second line
cat /dev/fd/3              # Read the whole file

cat <&3                    # Try to Rewind (no output)
echo "Cruel World!" >&3    # Still adds a line on end
cat /dev/fd/3              # Read the whole file

shell_seek 3 6 0           # seek fd 3 to position 6
echo -n "Earth" >&3        # Overwrite 'World'
shell_seek 3               # rewind fd 3
cat <&3                    # Read the whole file put 3 at end

请注意,echo Goodbye 覆盖了第二行,因为文件描述符 &3 没有被猫更改!

所以我尝试使用 cat <&3 它没有输出任何内容,可能是因为文件描述符位于文件末尾。查看它是否倒回给定的描述符。事实并非如此。

最后一部分是使用提供、编译并命名为 shell_seek 的“C”程序,是的,它似乎可以工作,因为第一个“世界”被“地球”取代,倒带(寻求start)的工作允许最后一只猫再次读取整个文件。它会再次将 fd 放在文件末尾!

使用 perl 而不是 C 来完成它也不是那么困难。
例如perl -e 'open(FD,">&3"); eek(FD,0,0);' 会将文件描述符 3 倒回到文件的开头。

我现在已经制作了 shell_seek 的 perl 版本,因此我不必一直为不同的系统重新编译它。不仅如此,脚本还可以“告诉”您当前的文件描述符偏移量,并且还“截断”文件描述符指向的文件。这两种操作在使用查找时都很常用,因此包含这些函数似乎是个好主意。您可以从以下位置下载该脚本...
https://antofthy.gitlab.io/software/#shell_seek

Expansion on the answer by @sanmai...

And confirmation of what is going on...

#/bin/bash
F=$(mktemp tmp.XXXXXX)
exec 3<>$F     # open the temporary file for read and write
rm $F          # delete file, though it remains on file system

echo "Hello world!" >&3    # Add a line to a file
cat /dev/fd/3              # Read the whole file
echo "Bye" >>/dev/fd/3     # Append another line
cat /dev/fd/3              # Read the whole file
echo "Goodbye" >&3         # Overwrite second line
cat /dev/fd/3              # Read the whole file

cat <&3                    # Try to Rewind (no output)
echo "Cruel World!" >&3    # Still adds a line on end
cat /dev/fd/3              # Read the whole file

shell_seek 3 6 0           # seek fd 3 to position 6
echo -n "Earth" >&3        # Overwrite 'World'
shell_seek 3               # rewind fd 3
cat <&3                    # Read the whole file put 3 at end

Note that the echo Goodbye overwrites the second lineas the file descriptor &3 had not changed by the cat!

So I tried using cat <&3 which did not output anything, probably as the file descriptor was at the end of the file. To see it if it rewinds the descriptor it was given. It does not.

The last part is to use the 'C' program that was provided, compiled and named shell_seek and yes it seems it works as the first 'World' was replaced by 'Earth', the rewind (seek to start) worked allowing the last cat to again read the whole file. It would put the fd at the end of the file again!

Doing it using perl instead of C was not that hard either.
For example perl -e 'open(FD,">&3"); seek(FD,0,0);' will rewind file descriptor 3 back to the start of the file.

I have now made a perl version of shell_seek so I don't have to re-compile it all the time for different systems. Not only that but the script can also 'tell' you the current file descriptor offset, and also 'truncate' the file that file descriptor points too. Both operations are commonly used when using seek, so it seemed a good idea to include those functions. You can download the script from...
https://antofthy.gitlab.io/software/#shell_seek

葬花如无物 2024-10-02 20:29:32

您可以使用命名管道:

mkfifo pipeA 
exec 3<>pipeA 
rm pipeA

echo "Hello world" >&3
read x <&3
echo $x

echo "Hello world" >&3
cat <&3

You can use a named pipe:

mkfifo pipeA 
exec 3<>pipeA 
rm pipeA

echo "Hello world" >&3
read x <&3
echo $x

echo "Hello world" >&3
cat <&3
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