什么是“隐式”的 Scala 标识符?
我看到 Scala 示例中使用了一个名为隐式
的函数。它是什么以及如何使用?
scala> sealed trait Foo[T] { def apply(list : List[T]) : Unit }; object Foo {
| implicit def stringImpl = new Foo[String] {
| def apply(list : List[String]) = println("String")
| }
| implicit def intImpl = new Foo[Int] {
| def apply(list : List[Int]) = println("Int")
| }
| } ; def foo[A : Foo](x : List[A]) = implicitly[Foo[A]].apply(x)
defined trait Foo
defined module Foo
foo: [A](x: List[A])(implicit evidence$1: Foo[A])Unit
scala> foo(1)
<console>:8: error: type mismatch;
found : Int(1)
required: List[?]
foo(1)
^
scala> foo(List(1,2,3))
Int
scala> foo(List("a","b","c"))
String
scala> foo(List(1.0))
<console>:8: error: could not find implicit value for evidence parameter of type
Foo[Double]
foo(List(1.0))
^
:我们必须编写 implicitly[Foo[A]].apply(x)
因为编译器认为 implicitly[Foo[A]](x)
意味着我们调用带参数隐式
。
I have seen a function named implicitly
used in Scala examples. What is it, and how is it used?
scala> sealed trait Foo[T] { def apply(list : List[T]) : Unit }; object Foo {
| implicit def stringImpl = new Foo[String] {
| def apply(list : List[String]) = println("String")
| }
| implicit def intImpl = new Foo[Int] {
| def apply(list : List[Int]) = println("Int")
| }
| } ; def foo[A : Foo](x : List[A]) = implicitly[Foo[A]].apply(x)
defined trait Foo
defined module Foo
foo: [A](x: List[A])(implicit evidence$1: Foo[A])Unit
scala> foo(1)
<console>:8: error: type mismatch;
found : Int(1)
required: List[?]
foo(1)
^
scala> foo(List(1,2,3))
Int
scala> foo(List("a","b","c"))
String
scala> foo(List(1.0))
<console>:8: error: could not find implicit value for evidence parameter of type
Foo[Double]
foo(List(1.0))
^
Note that we have to write implicitly[Foo[A]].apply(x)
since the compiler thinks that implicitly[Foo[A]](x)
means that we call implicitly
with parameters.
Also see How to investigate objects/types/etc. from Scala REPL? and Where does Scala look for implicits?
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implicitly
在 Scala 2.8 中可用,并在 Predef as:通常用于检查
T
类型的隐式值是否可用,如果可用则返回它案件。retronym 演示文稿中的简单示例:
implicitly
is avaliable in Scala 2.8 and is defined in Predef as:It is commonly used to check if an implicit value of type
T
is available and return it if such is the case.Simple example from retronym's presentation:
以下是
隐式
使用令人愉快的简单方法的一些原因。了解/排除隐式视图
故障当选择的前缀(例如,
the.prefix.selection(args)
)不包含成员selection
适用于 args(即使在尝试使用隐式视图转换 args 后),编译器也会查找在当前或封闭的本地定义的隐式成员。继承或导入的作用域,可以是从the.prefix
的类型到定义了selection
的类型的函数,也可以是等效的隐式视图 。当表达式不符合预期类型时触发,如下所示:
编译器在此查找此函数:
访问由上下文绑定引入的隐式参数
隐式参数可以说是 Scala 比隐式视图更重要的功能。它们支持类型。标准库在一些地方使用了它——请参阅 scala.Ordering 以及它在 SeqLike#sorted 中的使用方式。隐式参数还用于传递数组清单和
CanBuildFrom
实例。Scala 2.8 允许使用隐式参数的简写语法,称为上下文边界。简而言之,带有类型参数
A
的方法需要类型为M[A]
的隐式参数:可以重写为:
但是传递隐式参数有什么意义呢?不命名吗?这在实现
foo
方法时有何用处?通常,不需要直接引用隐式参数,它将作为隐式参数通过隧道传递给另一个被调用的方法。如果需要,您仍然可以保留上下文绑定的简洁方法签名,并隐式调用来具体化值:
显式传递隐式参数的子集
假设您正在调用一个漂亮地打印一个方法人,使用基于类型类的方法:
如果我们想更改名称的输出方式怎么办?我们可以显式调用
PersonShow
,显式传递替代的Show[String]
,但我们希望编译器传递Show[Int]
。Here are a few reasons to use the delightfully simple method
implicitly
.To understand/troubleshoot Implicit Views
An Implicit View can be triggered when the prefix of a selection (consider for example,
the.prefix.selection(args)
does not contain a memberselection
that is applicable toargs
(even after trying to convertargs
with Implicit Views). In this case, the compiler looks for implicit members, locally defined in the current or enclosing scopes, inherited, or imported, that are either Functions from the type of thatthe.prefix
to a type withselection
defined, or equivalent implicit methods.Implicit Views can also be triggered when an expression does not conform to the Expected Type, as below:
Here the compiler looks for this function:
Accessing an Implicit Parameter Introduced by a Context Bound
Implicit parameters are arguably a more important feature of Scala than Implicit Views. They support the type class pattern. The standard library uses this in a few places -- see
scala.Ordering
and how it is used inSeqLike#sorted
. Implicit Parameters are also used to pass Array manifests, andCanBuildFrom
instances.Scala 2.8 allows a shorthand syntax for implicit parameters, called Context Bounds. Briefly, a method with a type parameter
A
that requires an implicit parameter of typeM[A]
:can be rewritten as:
But what's the point of passing the implicit parameter but not naming it? How can this be useful when implementing the method
foo
?Often, the implicit parameter need not be referred to directly, it will be tunneled through as an implicit argument to another method that is called. If it is needed, you can still retain the terse method signature with the Context Bound, and call
implicitly
to materialize the value:Passing a subset of implicit parameters explicitly
Suppose you are calling a method that pretty prints a person, using a type class based approach:
What if we want to change the way that the name is output? We can explicitly call
PersonShow
, explicitly pass an alternativeShow[String]
, but we want the compiler to pass theShow[Int]
.Scala 3
隐式
启动已被改进的summon
取代,其优点是能够返回更多比要求的类型更精确例如,给定以下类型
隐式
方法将召唤一个带有已删除类型成员Out
的术语。为了恢复类型成员,我们必须显式引用它,这违背了目的使用类型成员而不是类型参数
但是
summon
定义为不会遇到此问题
,我们看到类型成员
type Out = String
没有被删除,即使我们只要求F[Int]
而不是F[Int] { type Out = String }
。当 链接依赖类型函数:Starting Scala 3
implicitly
has been replaced with improvedsummon
which has the advantage of being able to return a more precise type than asked forFor example given the following type
implicitly
method would summon a term with erased type memberOut
In order to recover the type member we would have to refer to it explicitly which defeats the purpose of having the type member instead of type parameter
However
summon
defined asdoes not suffer from this problem
where we see type member
type Out = String
did not get erased even though we only asked forF[Int]
and notF[Int] { type Out = String }
. This can prove particularly relevant when chaining dependently typed functions:“教你钓鱼”的答案是使用 Scaladoc 夜曲。包/类窗格顶部的字母(以及用于非字母名称的
#
)是指向以该字母开头的成员名称(跨所有类)的索引的链接。例如,如果您选择I
,您将在Predef
中找到一次出现的implicitly
条目,您可以通过那里的链接访问该条目。A "teach you to fish" answer is to use the alphabetic member index currently available in the Scaladoc nightlies. The letters (and the
#
, for non-alphabetic names) at the top of the package / class pane are links to the index for member names beginning with that letter (across all classes). If you chooseI
, e.g., you'll find theimplicitly
entry with one occurrence, inPredef
, which you can visit from the link there.