类型转换错误和构造函数

发布于 2024-09-18 01:10:42 字数 375 浏览 6 评论 0原文

我有两个类

 public class A
    {
        public A()
        {

        }
    }

    public class B:A
    {
        public B()
        {

        }
    }

,Main 中的代码如下所示

    A oa = new B();
    B ob = new A();

,这里第 1 行编译成功,而第 2 行显示类型转换错误。为什么会出现这种情况。当 new B()new A() 被调用时到底会发生什么?

I have two classes

 public class A
    {
        public A()
        {

        }
    }

    public class B:A
    {
        public B()
        {

        }
    }

and it the code in Main is as follows

    A oa = new B();
    B ob = new A();

Here line 1 compiles successfully while line 2 displays typecasting error. Why this happens. What exactly happens when new B() and new A() gets called?

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评论(2

So尛奶瓶 2024-09-25 01:10:42

您已声明一个 B 类型的变量,然后尝试为其分配一个 A 类型的值。您已将 B 定义为 A 的一种,但这并不意味着所有 A 都是 B的。

可以这样想:

class Animal { }
class Dog : Animal { }
class Cat : Animal { }

您可以执行 Animal rex = new Dog(),因为所有狗都是动物,但不能执行 Dog fido = new Animal(),因为并非所有狗都是动物动物是狗。

You have declared a variable of type B, and then attempted to assign a value of type A to it. You have defined B to be a kind of A, but that doesn't mean that all A's are B's.

Think of it like this:

class Animal { }
class Dog : Animal { }
class Cat : Animal { }

You can do Animal rex = new Dog(), because all dogs are animals, but not Dog fido = new Animal(), because not all animals are dogs.

你穿错了嫁妆 2024-09-25 01:10:42

当 new B() 和
new A() 被调用吗?

  • new A() 在堆上构造一个 A 类型的对象并返回对其的引用。

  • new B() 在堆上构造一个 B 类型的对象并返回对其的引用。

这里第1行编译成功
而第 2 行显示类型转换
错误。为什么会发生这种情况。

由于 BA 的子类,因此 A 类型的引用引用运行时类型 B< 的对象是有效的/代码>。毕竟,B 只是 A 的“特例”。

然而,反之则不然,因为并非所有 A 都可以被视为 B
尽管即使不存在“真正的”不兼容性,C# 的安全类型系统也严格执行这一点,但此类限制的原因是很自然的。例如,假设 B 声明了一个属性 public int Foo {get;设置;}
您期望它的行为如何:

B ob = new A();
ob.Foo = 5;

这显然是不合逻辑的:引用所引用的真实对象没有这样的属性。因此,编译器禁止此类构造。

现在假设您将代码更改为:

B b = (B)new A();

在这里,您告诉编译器创建的对象将在运行时,可分配给B类型的引用。这可以很好地编译,但由于断言显然不正确,因此将抛出运行时 InvalidCastException

总而言之,C# 的类型系统(如果您忽略动态和一些特殊情况)既是静态安全:您将无法成功将 A 的具体实例视为 B 类型。

What exactly happens when new B() and
new A() gets called?

  • new A() constructs an object of type A on the heap and returns a reference to it.

  • new B() constructs an object of type B on the heap and returns a reference to it.

Here line 1 compiles successfully
while line 2 displays typecasting
error. Why this happens.

Since B subclasses A, it is valid for a reference of type A to refer to an object of run-time type B. After all, B is simply a "special case" of A.

However, the converse is not true, because not all As can be considered Bs.
Although this is strictly enforced by C#'s safe type-system even if there is no "real" incompatibility, the reasons for such restrictions are natural. Imagine, for example, that B declared a property public int Foo {get; set;}.
How would you expect this to behave:

B ob = new A();
ob.Foo = 5;

This is clearly illogical: the real object that the reference is referring to has no such property. Consequently, the compiler prohibits such constructs.

Now imagine you changed your code to:

B b = (B)new A();

Here, you are telling the compiler that the object created, will, at run-time, be assignable to a reference of type B. This will compile fine, but since the assertion is clearly incorrect, a run-time InvalidCastException will be thrown.

To summarize, C#'s type system (if you ignore dynamic and a few special cases) is both static and safe: you will not successfully be able to treat a concrete instance of A as though it were of type B.

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