Java 中的 volatile 关键字具体什么时候使用?
我已经读过“何时在 Java 中使用'易失性'?”,但我仍然使困惑。我怎么知道什么时候应该将变量标记为易失性?如果我弄错了,或者在需要它的东西上省略了易失性,或者在不需要的东西上放置了易失性怎么办?在确定多线程代码中哪些变量应该是易失性的时,经验法则是什么?
I have read "When to use 'volatile' in Java?" but I'm still confused. How do I know when I should mark a variable volatile? What if I get it wrong, either omitting a volatile on something that needs it or putting volatile on something that doesn't? What are the rules of thumb when figuring out what variables should be volatile in multithreaded code?
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基本上,当您想让一个成员变量被多个线程访问但不需要复合原子性(不确定这是否是正确的术语)时,您基本上可以使用它。
上面是一个糟糕的例子,因为您需要复合原子性。
现在来看一个有效的例子:
现在,为什么不能只使用
private static int temp
?事实上你可以(从某种意义上说,你的程序不会崩溃或其他什么),但另一个线程对温度
的更改可能对主线程“可见”,也可能不“可见”。基本上这意味着您的应用程序甚至有可能。如果您不使用
易失性
,则会永远写入今天的温度为0
(实际上,该值往往会最终变得可见。但是,您不应冒险在必要时不使用 volatile,因为它可能会导致严重的错误(由不完全构造的对象等引起)。易失性,它不会影响代码的正确性(即行为不会改变),这取决于 JVM 实现,理论上您可能会出现微小的性能下降,因为编译器不能。不进行重新排序优化,必须使 CPU 缓存无效等,但编译器可以再次证明您的字段永远不能被多个线程访问,并完全删除
易失性
关键字的影响并将其编译为相同的说明编辑:
对此评论的回应:
你可以并且它会正确运行。任何可以用
volatile
完成的事情都可以用synchronized
完成,但反之则不然。如果可以的话,您可能更喜欢易失性
有两个原因:易失性
不太容易出现并发错误,例如持有锁时发生阻塞、死锁等。易失性
可以具有显着更高的吞吐量和更好的延迟。然而,在大多数应用中,差异太小,不重要。You basically use it when you want to let a member variable be accessed by multiple threads but do not need compound atomicity (not sure if this is the right terminology).
the above is a bad example, because you need compound atomicity.
Now to a valid example:
Now, why can't you just use
private static int temperature
? In fact you can (in the sense that that your program won't blow up or something), but the change totemperature
by the other thread may or may not be "visible" to the main thread.Basically this means that it is even possible that your app. keeps writing
Today's temperature is 0
forever if you don't usevolatile
(in practice, the value tends to become eventually visible. However, you should not risk not using volatile when necessary, since it can lead to nasty bugs (caused by in-completely constructed objects etc.).If you put
volatile
keyword on something that doesn't needvolatile
, it won't affect your code's correctness (i.e. the behaviour will not change). In terms of performance, it will depend on the JVM implementation. In theory you might get a tiny performance degradation because the compiler can't do reordering optimisations, have to invalidate CPU cache etc., but then again the compiler could prove that your field cannot ever be accessed by multiple threads and remove the effect ofvolatile
keyword completely and compile it to identical instructions.EDIT:
Response to this comment:
You can and it will behave correctly. Anything that you can with
volatile
can be done withsynchronized
, but not vice versa. There are two reasons you might prefervolatile
if you can:volatile
is less prone to concurrency bugs, like blocking while holding the lock, deadlocks etc.volatile
can have significantly higher throughput and better latency. However in most applications the difference is too small to matter.易失性在无锁算法中最有用。当您不使用锁定来访问该变量并且您希望一个线程所做的更改在另一个线程中可见,或者您希望创建一个“发生后”关系以确保计算是再次,不重新排序,以确保更改在适当的时间可见。
JMM Cookbook 描述了哪些操作可以重新排序,哪些操作不能。
Volatile is most useful in lock-free algorithms. You mark the variable holding shared data as volatile when you are not using locking to access that variable and you want changes made by one thread to be visible in another, or you want to create a "happens-after" relation to ensure that computation is not re-ordered, again, to ensure changes become visible at the appropriate time.
The JMM Cookbook describes which operations can be re-ordered and which cannot.
volatile
关键字保证 volatile 变量的值始终从主内存读取,而不是从线程的本地缓存读取。来自 java 并发 教程 :
这意味着对易失性变量的更改始终对其他线程可见。这还意味着,当线程读取 volatile 变量时,它不仅会看到 volatile 的最新更改,还会看到导致更改的代码的副作用。
关于您的询问:
如果您认为所有读取器线程总是获取变量的最新值,则必须将变量标记为
易失性
如果您有一个写入器线程来修改变量的值,并且有多个读取器线程来读取变量的值,易失性修饰符保证了内存的一致性。
如果您有多个线程来写入和读取变量,则仅使用 volatile 修饰符并不能保证内存一致性。您必须
同步
代码或使用高级并发结构,如锁
、并发集合
、原子变量
等。相关SE问题/文章:
Java 文档中的易失性变量解释
Java 中 volatile 和 synchronized 的区别
java 重访 文章
volatile
keyword guarantees that value of the volatile variable will always be read from main memory and not from Thread's local cache.From java concurrency tutorial :
This means that changes to a volatile variable are always visible to other threads. It also means that when a thread reads a volatile variable, it sees not just the latest change to the volatile, but also the side effects of the code that led up the change.
Regarding your query:
If you feel that all reader threads always get latest value of a variable, you have to mark variable as
volatile
If you have one writer thread to modify the value of variable and multiple reader threads to read the value of variable, volatile modifier guarantees memory consistency.
If you have multiple threads to write and read variables,
volatile
modifier alone does not guaranty memory consistency. You have tosynchronize
the code or use high level concurrency constructs likeLocks
,Concurrent Collections
,Atomic variables
etc.Related SE questions/articles:
Volatile variable explanation in Java docs
Difference between volatile and synchronized in Java
javarevisited article
易失性
还可以用于在多线程环境中安全地发布不可变对象。声明像
public volatile ImmutableObject foo
这样的字段可以确保所有线程始终看到当前可用的实例引用。有关该主题的更多信息,请参阅 Java 并发实践。
The
volatile
can also be used to safely publish immutable objects in a multi-threaded Environment.Declaring a field like
public volatile ImmutableObject foo
secures that all threads always see the currently available instance reference.See Java Concurrency in Practice for more on that topic.
实际上不同意票数最高的答案中给出的示例,据我所知,它确实没有按照 Java 内存模型正确地说明了易失性语义。易失性具有更复杂的语义。
在提供的示例中,主线程可以继续永远打印“今天的温度为 0”,即使有另一个正在运行的线程应该更新温度(如果该其他线程从未被调度)。
说明易失性语义的更好方法是使用 2 个变量。
为了简单起见,我们假设更新这两个变量的唯一方法是通过方法“setTemperatures”。
为了简单起见,我们假设只有 2 个线程正在运行,即主线程和线程 2。
编译器、运行时或硬件不能出于优化目的对最后两个赋值指令重新排序。
一旦主线程读取了易失性变量温度(在打印它的过程中),
1)可以保证无论有多少个线程,它都会看到该易失性变量的最近写入值写入它,无论他们使用哪种方法更新它,同步与否。
2) 如果主线程中的system.out语句运行,在线程2运行语句温度= temp的时刻之后,将保证打印昨天的温度和今天的温度当线程 2 运行语句Temperature=temp 时,对其进行设置。
如果 a) 多个线程正在运行,并且 b) 除了 setTemperatures 方法之外,还有其他方法可以更新这些变量主动调用的变量昨天的温度和今天的温度,则这种情况会变得更加复杂。其他线程。我认为需要一篇相当大的文章来分析基于 Java 内存模型如何描述易失性语义的含义。
简而言之,尝试仅使用 volatile 进行同步是极其危险的,您最好坚持同步您的方法。
Actually disagree with the example given in the top voted answer, to my knowledge it does NOT properly illustrate volatile semantics as per the Java memory model. Volatile has way more complex semantics.
In the example provided, the main thread could continue to print "Today's temperature is 0" forever even if there is another thread running that is supposed to update the temperature if that other thread never gets scheduled.
A better way to illustrate volatile semantics is with 2 variables.
For simplicity's sake, we will assume that the only way to update the two variables is through the method "setTemperatures".
For simplicity's sake, we will assume that only 2 threads are running, main thread and thread 2.
the last two assignment instructions can NOT be reordered for optimization purposes by either the compiler, runtime or the hardware.
Once the main thread reads the volatile variable temperature (in the process of printing it),
1) There is a guarantee that it will see the most recently written value of this volatile variable regardless of how many threads are writing to it, regardless of which method they are updating it in, synchronized or not.
2) If the system.out statement in the main thread runs, after the time instant at which thread 2 has run the statement temperature = temp, both yesterday's temperature and todays temperature will be guaranteed to print the values set in them by thread 2 when it ran the statement temperature=temp.
This situation gets a LOT more complex if a) Multiple threads are running and b) There are other methods than just the setTemperatures method that can update the variable yesterday's temperature and todays temperature that are actively being called by these other threads. I think it would take a decent size article to analyze the implications based on how the Java Memory Model describes the volatile semantics.
In short, attempting to just use volatile for synchronization is extremely risky, and you would be better off sticking to synchronizing your methods.
http://mindprod.com/jgloss/volatile.html
" volatile 关键字用于可能被其他线程同时修改的变量。”
“由于其他线程无法看到局部变量,因此无需将局部变量标记为 volatile。您需要使用同步来协调不同线程对变量的更改,但通常 volatile 只需要查看它们即可。”
http://mindprod.com/jgloss/volatile.html
"The volatile keyword is used on variables that may be modified simultaneously by other threads."
"Since other threads cannot see local variables, there is never any need to mark local variables volatile. You need synchronized to co-ordinate changes to variables from different threads, but often volatile will do just to look at them."
voltalie 意味着不断改变值。该变量的值永远不会在线程本地缓存:所有读取和写入都将直接进入“主内存”。换句话说,Java 编译器和线程不会缓存该变量的值并始终读取它来自主存储器。
voltalie Means Keep changing value.The value of this variable will never be cached thread-locally: all reads and writes will go straight to "main memory".In other words Java compiler and Thread that do not cache value of this variable and always read it from main memory.