PHP中遍历树的数据结构?
我没有 CS 或数据结构背景。我想制作一个 PHP 类来存储 修改后的预序横向树,用于操作和与数据库同步。
基本上我需要存储如下数据:
+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| category_id | name | lft | rgt |
+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| 1 | ELECTRONICS | 1 | 20 |
| 2 | TELEVISIONS | 2 | 9 |
| 3 | TUBE | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | LCD | 5 | 6 |
| 5 | PLASMA | 7 | 8 |
| 6 | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 10 | 19 |
| 7 | MP3 PLAYERS | 11 | 14 |
| 8 | FLASH | 12 | 13 |
| 9 | CD PLAYERS | 15 | 16 |
| 10 | 2 WAY RADIOS | 17 | 18 |
+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
我正在考虑使用数组,但它看起来很麻烦。如果是这样的数组数组:array( 'name'=> "PORTABLE ELECTRONICS", 'lft' => 10, 'rgt' = 19 )
,那么就会变得很麻烦重复循环该数组以确保所有数字都存在,等等。
由于 PHP 有一些新的可用数据结构,我想知道这些结构中的任何一个是否会给我带来比使用数组更好的好处?
- SplDoubly
- LinkedList
- SplStack
- SplQueue
- SplHeap
- SplMaxHeap
- SplMinHeap
- SplPriorityQueue
- SplFixedArray
- SplObjectStorage
编辑:此类不会成为存储在数据库表中的树的网关。 (如果是的话,我只会查询类。)它只是某种 PHP 数据结构中的独立 mmpt。
I don't have a background in CS or data structures. I want to make a PHP class that stores a modified preorder transversal tree, for manipulation and syncing with a database.
Basically I need to store data like:
+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| category_id | name | lft | rgt |
+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| 1 | ELECTRONICS | 1 | 20 |
| 2 | TELEVISIONS | 2 | 9 |
| 3 | TUBE | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | LCD | 5 | 6 |
| 5 | PLASMA | 7 | 8 |
| 6 | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 10 | 19 |
| 7 | MP3 PLAYERS | 11 | 14 |
| 8 | FLASH | 12 | 13 |
| 9 | CD PLAYERS | 15 | 16 |
| 10 | 2 WAY RADIOS | 17 | 18 |
+-------------+----------------------+-----+-----+
I was thinking of using an array, but it seems cumbersome. If it were an array of arrays like this: array( 'name'=> "PORTABLE ELECTRONICS", 'lft' => 10, 'rgt' = 19 )
, then it would get cumbersome to loop through that array repeatedly to make sure all numbers are present, etc.
Since PHP has a few new data structures available, I wonder if any of these would get me any benefit over using an array?
- SplDoubly
- LinkedList
- SplStack
- SplQueue
- SplHeap
- SplMaxHeap
- SplMinHeap
- SplPriorityQueue
- SplFixedArray
- SplObjectStorage
Edit: This class isn't going to be a gateway to a tree stored in a database table. (If it were, I would just have a query of classes.) It's just a stand-alone mmpt in some kind of PHP data structure.
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编辑:好的,我对此进行了更多研究。我认为术语中存在混淆。您并不是在 PHP 中寻找横向树的数据结构。您想要在 PHP 中使用树作为数据结构,并且想要使用一种称为
修改的先序树遍历算法
的方法从该树中恢复数据。引用:
当使用树时,我们工作从左到右,一次一层,下降到每个节点的子节点,然后分配右侧编号并继续向右移动。这种方法称为改进的先序树遍历算法。
这是关于在 PHP 和 MySQL 中存储分层数据的问题。在 PHP 中我们可以使用一个简单的树。问题在于,在MySQL这样的平面数据库中存储一棵树并不容易。一种选择是获取 PHP 并从中检索邻接表。这本质上是每个项目及其父项的列表。这种做事方式有一些缺点。
另一种方法是从 PHP 树中提取信息,该信息描述了可以由分层数据构成的嵌套集。为了从 PHP 树中获取此信息,我们需要使用修改的先序树遍历算法。这是一种在树上上下运行以从中提取某些信息的方法。
无论我们使用邻接表模型还是修改后的先序树遍历来检索信息,我们都使用完全相同的 PHP Tree。区别在于我们如何从树中检索信息以及如何将信息存储在 MySQL 中。如何从 MySQL 中提取信息的代码已经位于 您引用的页面上。要在 PHP 和 MySQL 之间同步数据,您只需使用该页面上描述的 MySQL 技术和 PHP 树类。
为此,我在 PHP 中创建了一个存储树的类。它使用一个节点。每个节点都可以被认为是完整树的根,因为可以从每个节点访问完整的子树。将节点从树中分离出来更容易,而且开销也更少。
该类的重要部分是 showAdjacency 方法。这将使用修改后的前序树遍历来运行树,并显示每个名称的 lft 和 rgt 数量,使您能够将数据作为嵌套集存储在 MySQL 中。
您还可以显示树,以便将其可视化。该类缺少删除方法。当您实现它时,您必须将已删除节点的子节点传递给该节点的父节点。也许我稍后会这样做。
我将在帖子底部包含整个类,但以下是如何检索修改后的前序树遍历的数据:
您显然可以将 $root->data、$rgt 和 $lft 存储在一个数组中您用来与数据库同步。
这是全班同学。课后,我使用 您链接到的页面中的示例数据创建一棵树,我输出 lft 和 rgt 值以及树可视化。
您可以在Codepad上运行代码
PS:存储像你建议的那样,PHP 中的嵌套数组中的数据将非常困难。在上面的类中,如果删除数据成员,则树被修改(包括添加整个子树等),
lft
和rgt
值仍将被正确检索。如果您使用数组来存储信息,那么删除同时具有父项和子项的项目将非常困难,并且更新 lft 和 rgt 值也将非常困难。最后向数组添加大集合(子树)也将非常困难。
树确实是存储此类分层数据的理想方式。它模仿了我们的集合概念。问题是,虽然 PHP 可以轻松地存储树,但 MySQL 却不能,因此我们需要完成修改后的先序树遍历的所有困难工作,以便从 PHP 树中提取信息,以便我们可以将其存储在 MySQL 数据库中。
Edit: Ok, I looked into this a little more. I think there was a mix up in the nomenclature. You're not looking for a
data structure for a transveral tree
in PHP. You want to use a tree as a data structure in PHP, and you want to recover data from that tree using a method called themodified preorder tree traversal algorithm
.Quoting:
When working with a tree, we work from left to right, one layer at a time, descending to each node's children before assigning a right-hand number and moving on to the right. This approach is called the modified preorder tree traversal algorithm.
This is about storing hierarchical data in PHP vs MySQL. In PHP we can use a simple tree. The problem is that it is not easy to store a tree in the flat database that is MySQL. One option is to take the PHP and retrieve and adjacency list from it. This is essentially a list of each item and its parents. This way of doing things has some draw backs.
Another method is to extract information from the PHP tree that describes the nested sets that can be made out of the hierarchical data. To get this information from the PHP tree we need to use a modified preorder tree traversal algorithm. This is a method of running up and down the tree in order to extract certain information from it.
Whether we use the adjacency list model or the modified preorder tree traversal to retrieve the information, we use the exact same PHP Tree. The difference becomes how we retrieve the information from the tree and how we store the information in MySQL. The code for how to extract the information from MySQL is already on the page you quoted. To synch the data between PHP and MySQL you just have to use the MySQL techniques described on that page and a PHP tree class.
For this, I created a class in PHP that stores a tree. It uses a nodes. Each node can be thought of as the root of a complete tree, since from each node a complete subtree can be accessed. It was just easier to separate out the node from the tree, and it causes less overhead.
The important part of the class is the showAdjacency method. This runs the tree using a modified preorder tree traversal, and it displays the lft and rgt quantity for each name that enables you to store the data in MySQL as a Nested Set.
You can also display the tree, so you can visualize it. The deletion method is missing from this class. When you implement it, you have to pass the children of the deleted node to the parent of the node. Maybe I'll do that later.
I'll include the entire class at the bottom of the post, but here is how the data is retrieved for the modified preorder tree traversal:
You can obviously store $root->data, $rgt, and $lft in an array that you use to synch with your database.
Here is the entire class. After the class I create a tree using the sample data from the page you linked to, and I output the lft and rgt values as well as the tree visualization.
You can run the code on Codepad
PS: Storing the data in PHP in nested arrays like you suggested would be very difficult. In the class above, if a data member is deleted the tree is modified (including additions of entire subtrees, etc) the
lft
andrgt
values will still be retrieved correctly.If you use arrays to store the information you will have an extremely hard time deleting items that have both parents and children, and updating the lft and rgt valuse would be very hard. Finally adding large sets (subtrees) to the array would also be extremely difficult.
A tree is really the ideal way to store this sort of hierarchical data. It mimics our notions of sets. The problem is that while PHP stores trees easily MySQL doesn't, so we need to go through all the difficult work of the modified preorder tree traversal in order to extract information from the PHP tree so that we can store it in the MySQL db.
一个带有 Node 和 Tree 对象的简单运行程序。闲话少说,女士们先生们,代码如下:
结果如下:
[0] 2
[1] 7
[2] 2
[3] 6
[4] 5
[5] 11
[6] 5
[7 ] 9
[8] 4
A simple running program with Node and Tree objects. Without any further ado, ladies and gentlemen, here is the code:
The results are as follows:
[0] 2
[1] 7
[2] 2
[3] 6
[4] 5
[5] 11
[6] 5
[7] 9
[8] 4
这是我在 PHP 中用来构建二叉树及其操作的代码:
This is the code I used to build a binary tree and its operations in PHP: