常见的递归模式

发布于 2024-09-12 07:00:00 字数 640 浏览 8 评论 0原文

我正在习惯 Haskell 的高阶函数。通常我可以用诸如映射、折叠和扫描之类的函数来替换显式的递归模式。然而,我经常遇到以下递归模式,我不明白如何使用高阶函数来表达:

   f (x:[]) = k x
   f (x:xs) = g x (f xs)

例如,假设我正在表示分析画面。然后我创建一个数据类型,例如:

   data Tableau = N Expr | S Expr (Tableau) | B Expr (Tableau) (Tableau)

如果我想将 Expr 列表转换为表格结构,我想要一个函数部分,其可能类似于:

   f (x:[]) = N x
   f (x:xs) = S x (f xs)

现在,我看到三个选项: (1 )创建一个函数,在给定一个表格和一个列表的情况下,该函数决定表格中的下一个分支应该是 S 还是 N (或 B >,但我们会忽略这种情况); (2) 使用高阶函数封装f的递归模式; (3) 使用像f这样的函数。

最好的选择是什么?

I'm getting used to Haskell's higher-order functions. Usually I can replace explicit patterns of recursion with functions like map, fold, and scan. However, I often run into the following recursion pattern which I don't understand how to express using higher-order functions:

   f (x:[]) = k x
   f (x:xs) = g x (f xs)

For instance, suppose I am representing analytic tableaux. Then I create a data type such as:

   data Tableau = N Expr | S Expr (Tableau) | B Expr (Tableau) (Tableau)

If I want to convert a list of Exprs into a tableau structure, I want a function part of which might resemble:

   f (x:[]) = N x
   f (x:xs) = S x (f xs)

Now, I see three options: (1) create a function which decides, given a tableau and a list, whether the next branch in the tableau should be an S or N (or B, but we'll ignore that case); (2) use a higher-order function to encapsulate the recursion pattern of f; (3) use a function like f.

What would the best option be?

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叫嚣ゝ 2024-09-19 07:00:00

我最有可能使用以下内容:

f xs = foldr g (k (last xs)) (init xs)

它基本上意味着折叠时列表的末尾被 k x 替换。由于惰性求值随处可见,它甚至适用于无限列表。

还有另外两种解决方案 - 添加空案例和使用 Maybe。

A) 添加空大小写:

如果 f [] 定义良好,那就最好了。然后,您可以将定义编写为

f [] = c
f (x:xs) = g x (f xs)

f =foldr g c。例如,如果更改

data Tableau = N Expr | S Expr Tableau | B Expr Tableau Tableau

data Tableau = N | S Expr Tableau | B Expr Tableau Tableau

then 则可以将单元素 tableaux 表示为 S expr N,并且该函数被定义为单行函数

f = foldr S N

只要空情况有意义,这就是最佳解决方案。

B) 使用 Maybe:

另一方面,如果 f [] 不能被合理地定义,情况会更糟。
偏函数通常被认为是丑陋的。为了使其完整,您可以使用也许。 Define

 f [] = Nothing
 f [x] = Just (k x)
 f (x:xs) = Just (g x w)
            where Just w = f xs

It 是一个完整的函数——这样更好。

但现在您可以将函数重写为:

 f [] = Nothing
 f (x:xs) = case f xs of
              Nothing -> Just (k x)
              Just w -> Just (g x w)

这是正确的折叠:

 addElement :: Expr -> Maybe Tableaux -> Maybe Tableaux
 addElement x Nothing = Just (N x)
 addElement x (Just w) = Just (S x w)

 f = foldr addElement Nothing

一般来说,折叠是惯用的,应该在适合递归模式时使用。否则使用显式递归或尝试重用现有的组合器。如果有新模式,请创建一个组合器,但前提是您会经常使用该模式 - 否则就太过分了。在这种情况下,对于非空列表,该模式是折叠的,定义如下:data List a = End a |缺点(列表a)

I'd most probably use the following:

f xs = foldr g (k (last xs)) (init xs)

It basically means that the end of the list is replaced by k x when folding. Thanks to lazy evaluation present everywhere, it works even for infinite lists.

There are two other solutions - adding empty case and using Maybe.

A) adding empty case:

It would be best if f [] was well-defined. Then, you could write the definition as

f [] = c
f (x:xs) = g x (f xs)

which is f = foldr g c. For example, if you change

data Tableau = N Expr | S Expr Tableau | B Expr Tableau Tableau

to

data Tableau = N | S Expr Tableau | B Expr Tableau Tableau

then you can represent single-element tableaux as S expr N, and the function is defined as one-liner

f = foldr S N

It's the best solution as long the empty case makes sense.

B) use Maybe:

On the other hand, if f [] cannot be sensibly defined, it's worse.
Partial functions are often considered ugly. To make it total, you can use Maybe. Define

 f [] = Nothing
 f [x] = Just (k x)
 f (x:xs) = Just (g x w)
            where Just w = f xs

It is a total function - that's better.

But now you can rewrite the function into:

 f [] = Nothing
 f (x:xs) = case f xs of
              Nothing -> Just (k x)
              Just w -> Just (g x w)

which is a right fold:

 addElement :: Expr -> Maybe Tableaux -> Maybe Tableaux
 addElement x Nothing = Just (N x)
 addElement x (Just w) = Just (S x w)

 f = foldr addElement Nothing

In general, folding is idiomatic and should be used when you fit the recursion pattern. Otherwise use explicit recursion or try to reuse existing combinators. If there's a new pattern, make a combinator, but only if you'll use the pattern a lot - otherwise it's overkill. In this case, the pattern is fold for nonempty lists defined by: data List a = End a | Cons a (List a).

冬天旳寂寞 2024-09-19 07:00:00

如果我正确理解了这个问题,那么这是我对您的选项的评估:

  1. 为了编写该函数,必须从构造函数下面匹配(可能是任意复杂的?)表格,这可能有点令人讨厌。这种方法看起来有点脆弱,尽管它可能工作得很好。

  2. 我认为没有必要概括该模式,因为它是在递归结构上运行的递归函数。引入高阶模式(我认为)会混淆执行此数据结构的递归遍历背后的实际逻辑。

  3. 我认为这很有道理。正如您所观察到的,这是一个合理认可的“模式”,但我认为它与算法的描述很好地匹配,以这种方式将其写下来。它可能不那么通用或可重用,但考虑到它本质上是算法方法的关键,我认为像在 f 这样的函数中所做的那样直接编写案例是有意义的。这将是我最喜欢的方法。

很抱歉没有提供特别具体的答案,但这是一个相当主观的答案,因此考虑到上述三个选项,出于清晰性和可读性的原因,我会选择选项 3。

If I've understood the question properly, then here's my evaluation of your options:

  1. It's probably a bit nasty to have to match the (presumably arbitrarily complex?) tableau out from underneath the constructor in order to write that function. This approach seems somewhat brittle, although it would probably work just fine.

  2. I don't see the need to generalise the pattern out, given that it's a recursive function operating on a recursive structure. Introducing a higher-order pattern would (I think) obfuscate the actual logic behind performing a recursive traversal of this data structure.

  3. I think this makes a good deal of sense. As you've observed, it's a reasonably recognised "pattern", but I think it matches the description of the algorithm well to write it down in exactly this way. It may not be as generalisable or reusable, but given that it's essentially the crux of the algorithmic approach, I think it makes sense to write the cases directly as you have done in a function like f. This would be my favoured approach.

Sorry to not provide a particularly concrete answer, but it is a reasonably subjective answer, so given the three options above, I would pick option 3 for reasons of clarity and readability.

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